Zurgite Varshan

Zurgite Varshan, historically referred to as the Worshipful Realm of Varshan, was a large country which spanned a vast swath of the central Cronan continent. The nation lasted from around 5,000 B.C. until the Fall of Anzo, which marked the end of the Deluge and the Varshani state. It was, at the time, considered the largest and one of the most powerful nations in Crona and the world. Varshan was a theocratic absolute monarchy, with the leaders having divine status within Orthodox Arzalism, the nation’s sole legal religion. The country was bordered to the southwest by the Sea of St. John; in 2020 to the north by Cetsencalia, Quetzenkel, Mid-Atrassic Crona; to the southeast by Ehemo, Kelekona, and Alstin; and to the east by Titechaxha and Telonaticolan.

Archaeology indicates that the Varshani lands were inhabited by early humans starting from the Lower Paleolithic period (2.6 Ma–300 Ka). The history of present-day Varshan began with the beginning of the Varshani people around 5,000 B.C., where the Varshani would raid the nearby Umzàg city-state, pillaging and kidnapping in order to please the Arzalist gods according to the founding myths of the Varshani people.. The rise of the Varshani Realm was marked by violent raids and the annexation of major ancient states within Central and Northern Crona.

The Varshani solar calendar has no months because the Moon is their personification of evil. Hieratic Varshani has no grammatical distinction between singular and plural.

With the Fall of Anzo in May 2024, the Worshipful Realm was abolished. It was replaced by League-occupied Varshan. For most of its history, and particularly between its destruction of the North Songun civilization and The Deluge, it was the dominant power in Crona.

Nomenclature
The term "Zurgite Varshan" was coined in 2027 to refer to Varshan functionally as it had existed from pre-history through the Final War of the Deluge. This term described this version of Varshan as organically the same being developing throughout history with various geopolitical developments altering the same continuity. The term was devised specifically to indicate a non-continuity of League-occupied Varshan and the post-occupation government. The term has been criticized by opponents of the occupation as implying a kind of cultural genocide, while a small segment of opponents prefer the term "Žuqulid Varshan" to repudiate only Varshan's post-15th century institutions.

History
The lands comprising modern Varshan were once inhabited by a variety of different Cronite peoples belonging to several different linguistic families. These peoples, most of which have been lost to history, were all tribally-organised until the early Cronite Bronze Age, when city-states began to develop in the region's fertile river valleys. The area now known as Umzàg or Central Varshan, emerged as the most heavily urbanized part of north central Crona, possibly as a result of its fertile volcanic soils and geographic circumscription by high mountain ranges.

The history of Varshan is divided into a number of dynastic periods, punctuated by intervening periods of civil war and political decay.

Predynastic period
The history of Varshan proper beings with the arrival of the Varshani (Waršaŋ), a migratory tribe of uncertain geographic origin speaking a who subsisted primarily by raiding settled societies and hunting. Attracted by the wealthy city-states of Umzàg, the Varshani migrated into the foothills of the Mountains of Terror, from which they launched periodic raids against their neighbours. Initially, the Varshani raided only to capture food, women, and basic materials, and to spill blood in order to honour their gods. However, over time they also took to pillaging valuables, such as precious metals and stones and fine clothes and handicrafts, originally as trophies, but later as luxury goods for their own enjoyment. In order to provide higher standards of living for themselves, the Varshani began capturing slaves for labour rather than exclusively sexual use, and exacting tribute and ransom from communities within striking distance of the foothills rather than raiding them, obtaining wealth that allowed them to engage in trade with the prosperous central city-states. This began a process of acculturation through which the Varshani transitioned away from their traditional migratory raiding lifestyle and adopted many material, religious, and socio-political practices from the settled peoples of the region. This process reached its culmination under the Varshani chief Biji, who after sacking the city of Hoklo, chose to take up residence there instead of returning to his camp in the foothills. Biji renamed the city 'Anzo', and established it as the first Varshani state.

Great interdynastic period
The great interdynastic period is an era where multiple rival dynasties ruled portions of Varshan, inaugurating centuries of civil war. On average, the period saw four to five partly recognized ruling dynasties at any one time, leading to the common Varshani adage that "five head men are as good as none".

Many Occidental historians question the historicity of many of the events of the great interdynastic period or its existence at all. A minority view believes that many of the events attributed to this period were actually domestic turmoil that occurred as part of a dynasty erased by a form of ; the number of calamities attributed to this period by legend would suggest such a regime would be viewed as a clear failure, and this degree of failure would have undermined the legitimacy of the Varshani ruling elite in the eyes of the lower castes. Proponents of this theory have noted that many "rival claimants" receive significant more attention in the historical record than their opponents, suggesting that the "main leader" of any one story may in fact be the sole ruler during the period. Accordingly, theory proponents have proposed several alternative models of succession under this scheme. "Dynastic erasure theory" remains a hotly contested concept among Varshanologists. A minority of Varshanologists have proposed that the great interdynastic period did not exist at all, and the period is the clearest example of the idea of dark time.

First contact with the Occident
Aster's expedition in the late 14th century brought Occidental explorers to Crona for the first time. While the North Songun civilization and other Cronan civilizations were generally enthusiastic about the potential of trade with the Occident, the unknown of a great and distant foreign power fundamentally shook the Varshani state to its core. Most historians believe Orthodox Arzalism definitively took on many of its violent, modern characteristics during this time following centuries of conflict between sun worshippers and death worshippers.

Žuqulid Revolution
Thirty years after the arrival of Paul Aster, the ruler Žuqul I issued the Great Edict of Žuqul in 1408, though there are significant chronological problems with the timing of this Edicts according to some historians due to the "Žuqul problem". The Edict established the Death God as paramount deity within Arzalism rather than the Sun God, as the two had previously been co-equal paramount deities. While original Occidental scholarship suggests this was a novelty brought forward by Žuqul alone, new sources available following the Fall of Anzo have revolutionized Occidental scholarship on Varshan, and a majority now believe that it was the common belief among higher castes for centuries.

The elevation of the Death God required profound changes to Varshani society, military strategy, foreign relations, economic structures, and even the caste system, as Žuqul began to transform Varshani society into a "machine of perpetual sacrifice."

Huntocracy
As Varshan reached what would become its relative economic and military peak in ca. 1400, the era of "the Hunts" began. While Varshan had warred with its neighbors in south central Crona since the establishment of the Varshani state, the newfound military dominance of Varshan and political decline of the states of the North Songun civilization enabled Varshan to begin raiding the North Songun region on an annual basis, with the yearly summer campaigns becoming known by the euphemistic term "the Hunt". At its peak, the Hunt would double the number of slaves in Varshan approximately every ten years, and its effects wrought complete devestation throughout Crona, functionally destroying the ancient North Songun civilization. The Hunts were almost exclusively large scale raids and did not usually entail the conquest of territory. Gradually, the apparatus of the Varshani state began to transform into an implement to support the Hunt, drastically changing the character of both the state and Varshani society. These changes inaugurated the period known by historians as the "Huntocracy". While the lasting impact of the Hunt relates to slavery, some scholars suggest that perhaps an equal number of individuals were taken from the North Songun for use as human sacrifice as were put into slavery. In the 1590s, Varshan reorganized the North Songun region into several tributaries, ending the period of the massive Hunts; Varshani caste nobles and other private parties would continue the Hunts unabated into the 1700s.

The Hunts are the lasting historical legacy of the Chazxin dynasty. The Hunts Although they ended by the 18th century, most demographers believe the vast majority of former native-born Varshani slaves in the 21st century are descended from individuals enslaved at this time.

Conquest of the North
Under the Chazxin dynasty, Varshan conquered several disparate relatives of the Quetzen people and established what would become known as the Brudxaan Province, approximately modern New Veltorina. This conquest gave Varshan access to the Nysdra Sea for the first time. This conquest, completed by 1525, enabled Varshan to begin projecting influence across the Nysdra Sea. In the 1600s, the Quetzen thalassocracy which had exhibited political and economic control over Venua'tino for centuries collapsed suddenly as the coastal cities were conquered by the unifying state. The sudden anarchy allowed a relatively token Varshani force to land in Venuatino in 1652 and establish a tenative system of political and military control over the region known as the

Loss of the Brudxaan Province
The dynastic civil war led to the rebellion of local authorities in the northern Brudxaan Province, roughly modern New Veltorina.

With armed and diplomatic support from Daxia, Quetzenkel annexed Brudxaan in 1962. The weakened and divided Varshani state was forced to accept the loss of territory as a fait accompli, formally recognizing it in 1965.

With the loss of Brudxaan Province, the centuries old Polar Captaincy collapsed due to the lack of Varshani access to the Sea of Nysdra. Under threat from Daxiaese presence in Cao, Varshan was forced to withdraw its military forces from the Polar Captaincy in 1964.

Modern interdynastic period
The modern interdynastic period, sometimes referred to as the "postdynastic period", began with the final fall of the Yun-harle dynasty in 1970 and concluded with the fall of Anzo in 2024. The period was characterized by a mostly non-hereditary succession of the office of Zûrg: of the eight men to serve as Zûrg in the period, only one succeeded his father to the office. Contemporary Varshani cultural observers appear to have viewed the period as being ruled by "dynasties of one man" rather than an abolition of the dynastic period, and many of these transitions occurred by circumstance rather than deliberate effort. Four Zûrgs died relatively young, one appears to have been infertile, and the remaining three were either usurped or deposed at the end of the Final War of the Deluge.

Modernization efforts
The loss of territory and prestige in the 1960s deeply wounded the Varshani psyche. Once the dynastic civil war had concluded, Varshan in the 1980s and 1990s began to heavily turn to modernization and Occidentalization of its armed forces. Due to its diplomatic isolation, Varshan required an extensive system of money laundering, shell corporations, so-called "talent scouts", and other methods to contract with Occidental experts and bring in Occidental technology and manufacturing capabilities. Foremost among these efforts were attempts to modernize the navy, resulting in a number of Occidental-style shipyards being fully operational by the mid-1980s. Significant amount of Second Great War-era surplus small arms were imported into the country, and new factories were constructed to refurbish and modernize equipment procured abroad. Domestic arms manufacturing also began in earnest in the late 1980s. Throughout this decade, attempts were made to use labor on an experimental basis. Most of these experiments ended by 1992 when protests from various religious authorities and a new ruling Zûrg reinforced the use of industrial slavery.

An unlikely source of significant technical expertise and skilled foreign labor was the Veltorine people, an ethnic group native to Sarpedon. The Life Abroad Movement relocated many Veltorines from their former homeland, now ruled by Caphiria, to good-paying jobs in Crona, particularly in Quetzenkel and Varshan. As the Veltorines were a stateless people, the Varshani government had an easier time procuring their services; the Veltorines could not be sanctioned by the League of Nations, as they had no nation to sanction. The settlement of Veltorines occurred more heavily in Quetzenkel - in the former Brudxaan Province - but they also established a presence in the far northwestern part of Varshan during the 1980s.

Government and politics
Varshan was an absolute monarchy ruled by the Zûrg, whose person and powers were not subject to any constitution or other law, and who answers only to the gods. There were no elected officials in Varshan, even at the local level. The only representative body was the Guraŋ, a deliberative body whose members are appointed by the Zûrg from among the nobility, priesthood, warrior castes, and prominent free non-warriors involved in economic or technical fields. The Guraŋ was purely advisory body with no lawmaking powers of its own, though it does draft legislation which it recommends to the Zaračok. The Zaračok or "Privy Council" was the country's main executive, legislative, and judicial organ, through which the Zûrg governs the country. Members of the Zaračok are appointed by the Zûrg and serve at his pleasure, being drawn almost entirely from the nobility, military leadership, and priesthood. Its role was to inform and advise the Zûrg, supervise the government bureaucracy on his behalf, and carry out his orders.

The leading members of the Zaračok and the most powerful non-hereditary officials were the Vizier (Sanču) and Warmaster (Šunk Dal). For most of Varshani history, Zûrgs led the military personally and the office of Warmaster was an intermittent position, created only when the Zûrg was unable to oversee the empire's war efforts himself. However, as the borders of Varshan stabilised and the military became more professional, the Warmaster was given a more permanent and prominent role.

International Relations
Varshan was widely considered a in international relations. Its extensive practices of slavery, human sacrifice, and infanticide have resulted in various trade and travel restrictions being placed upon it by many other nations, but the main source of tension between Varshan and Ixnay's great powers was strategic rather than moral. As (by far) the largest, most powerful, and most well-armed Cronite polity, Varshan has long been an obstacle to colonial and commercial expansion by seafaring nations like Burgundie and Kiravia. Though cultural and political barriers to domestic innovation have caused it to lag behind more developed Old World nations in terms of military technology, the sheer size of the nation's military manpower and its aggressive foreign policy have long been a threat to the overseas colonies in Crona and engendered hostile but cautious approach by colonial powers toward Varshan as they look to limit its military capabilities and power projection without provoking it into a full-scale ground war that would likely visit mass casualties and heavy infrastructural damage upon the colonies.

A major point of dispute between Varshan and other nations, particularly colonial powers, was its programme to develop nuclear armaments.

Demographics
Ethnic hierarchy: TopVarshanis with Divine ancestry> Other TopVarshanis > Petty Varshanis (includes the Bepsi Catalans n' shit) > "Martial among Gentiles" > "Natives" (All other Cronite and Asiatic peoples, peoples paying tribute to Varshan, plus metics/helots/indentured people of full or partial Varshani descent) > Slaves of all backgrounds, including Varshanis.

Religion
Orthodox Arzalism was the sole legal religion in Zurgite Varshan, and observance of certain religious rites was compulsory for all free persons. All other religions, as well as atheism and agnosticism, were illegal and punishable by some public and particularly gruesome methods of execution. The degree to which slaves were required to observe the Arzali religion was at the discretion of their owners: Slaves owned by the temple system for non-sacrificial purposes were expected to participate in self-degrading Arzali rites regularly, whereas most private owners require only minimal commitment to the religion or none at all. Many (perhaps most) slaves privately dissent from Arzalism, and many, especially first- and second-generation captives, adhere to various native Cronite religions or, in the case of slaves kidnapped from the Occident, Christianity or irreligion. Slaves have been known to make an effort to maintain organised non-Arzali Cronite religions in secret, but these were suppressed by slaveholders and punishable by torture.

Economy and infrastructure
Varshan had a that differed radically from the global capitalist model, with extensive state ownership and state direction of the economy, the prevalence of slave labour, extremely low social mobility due to politically and religiously entrenched caste hierarchies, and numerous political barriers to foreign trade and investment.

The base of the Varshani economy lay in extractive industries such as agriculture, mining, hydrocarbon drilling, and lumbering, which relied almost exclusively on slave labour and the forced labour/serfdom of non-slave metics and subject peoples. Varshan controlled massive deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron, industrial diamonds, and various other minerals, as well as enormous timber reserves. Almost all agriculture occurred on large estates called okozi, most of which were owned by the Varshani nobility and gentry, the temple system, or the state.

The Varshani real estate market was tightly constrained. Under Varshani law, all land ultimately belonged to the Zûrg on behalf of the gods, and an estimated 35% of the country's land was directly owned by the state. Most productive agricultural land belonged to the landowning noble and gentry classes, with most of the remainder belonging to the temple system. Smallholds and family farms were extremely rare and existed only in the most marginal parts of the country, having been competed out of existence by slave plantations.

In the [Year whatever] Varshan implemented one of the earliest and likely the most expensive programme of import-substitution industriallisation in the world, with the goal of insulating the country against commercial domination by the Old World.

Major Cities

 * Anzo
 * Gabagûl
 * Atsaduzi
 * Zenga-Zenga
 * Yungrizi
 * Jiziye
 * Arziye

Military
Varshan had an extremely martial culture based on its caste system.

The Warriors of Varshan come from a longstanding fundamentalist current within Arzalism that believes that Varshanite society has strayed from authentic Arzali beliefs. They believe that unrestrained, sadistic violence is the only true virtue and that predatory warfare is the only acceptable occupation for free men in the eyes of the Death God. They are TopVarshanite racial supremacists, and only allow TopVarshanis into positions of religious or political authority. Nonetheless, they believe that men who do not heed the Blood God's commands and live by predation deserve slavery or dishonourable deaths, regardless of race or ethnicity. Arzali fundamentalists believe that Varshani society has strayed from the true meaning of Arzalism over the past several centuries and has been only selectively obeying Arzali tenets in order to develop a centralised state society and a market economy. As such, most fundamentalists believe that some or all of the Zûrgs of recent centuries have been illegitimate (Arzali Sedevacantism), and they reject the worship of God-Kings and all God-Emperors except for the first one and the one who made the Death God top dog. They believe that organised state militaries are heretical and a corruption of holy warfare, believing loosely-affiliated bands of predatory warriors to be the only type of fighting unit sanctioned by the Death God. Nonetheless, like all free Varshani males, fundamentalists were required to serve in the Varshani military, and which they chose to use as an opportunity to develop their combat skills and religious knowledge.