Government of Alstin

The federal government of the United Republic (U.R. federal government or U.R. government) is the common government of the United Republic of Alstin, a federal republic in Crona, composed of 27 provinces, a city within a federal district (Alstin, where most of the federal government is based), ten major self-governing territories and several overseas possessions. The federal government, sometimes simply referred to as Alstin, is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.R. Constitution in the Parliament, the President and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Parliamnent, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.

Naming
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History
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Legislative
Main article: United Republic Parliament

Under Article I of the Constitution, the United Republic Parliament is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, with the National Council and the Senate comprising the lower and upper houses respectively.

National Council
The Council currently consists of 411 voting members, each of whom represents a parliamentary district. The number of Councilors each province and the Capital District has in the Council is based on each province's population as determined in the most recent United Republic Census. All 411 Councilors serve a two-year term. Each province receives a minimum of one representative in the Council. In order to be elected as a Councilor, an individual must be at least 21 years of age, must have been a U.R. citizen for at least seven years, and must live in the parliamentary district in the province that they represent. There is no limit on the number of terms a Councilor may serve. In addition to the 411 voting members, there are 10 non-voting members, consisting of 10 delegates each from one of the territories.

Senate
In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each province, regardless of population. There are currently 56 senators (2 from each of the 27 provinces and the Capital District), who each serve six-year terms. Approximately one-third of the Senate stands for election every two years. In order to be elected as a Senator, an individual must be at least 25 years of age, must have been a U.R. citizen for at least nine years, and must live in the province that they represent.

Different Powers
The Council and Senate each have particular exclusive powers. For example, the Senate must approve (give "advice and consent" to) many important presidential appointments, including cabinet officers, federal judges (including nominees to the Supreme Court), executive ministers (heads of federal executive ministries), U.R. military and naval officers, and ambassadors to foreign countries. All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the National Council. The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation, which then may only become law by being signed by the president (or, if the president vetoes the bill, both houses of Parliament then re-pass the bill, but by a two-thirds majority of each chamber, in which case the bill becomes law without the president's signature). The powers of Parliament are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the "Necessary and Proper Clause", which grants Parliament the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers".

Impeachment
Parliament has the power to remove the president, federal judges, and other federal officers from office. The National Council and Senate have separate roles in this process. The Council must first vote to "impeach" the official. Then, a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office. As of 2029, only four Presidents have been impeached by the National Council; Only one was removed from office following a Senatorial trial.

Parliamentary procedures
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Powers of Parliament
The Constitution grants numerous powers to Parliament; These include the power to:
 * Levy and collect taxes;
 * Coin money and regulate its value;
 * Provide for punishment for counterfeiting;
 * Establish post offices and roads,
 * Issue patents,
 * Create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court,
 * Combat piracy and felonies,
 * Declare war,
 * Raise, support, provide and maintain a standing Army and Navy,
 * Make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces,
 * Provide for, arm and discipline militia units,
 * Regulate inter-provincial commerce, and;
 * Make laws necessary to properly execute powers.

Over the course of three centuries since the United Republic was established, many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government. These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the Supreme Court of the United Republic.

Parliamentary Oversight
Parliamentary oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud, protect civil liberties and individual rights, ensure executive compliance with the law, gather information for making laws and educating the public, and evaluate executive performance; Such oversight applies to cabinet ministries, executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and the presidency.

Congress's oversight function takes many forms:


 * Committee inquiries and hearings
 * Formal consultations with and reports from the president
 * Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties
 * Council impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials
 * Council and Senate proceedings under the 28th Amendment if the president becomes disabled or if the office of the vice president falls vacant
 * Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials
 * Parliamentary membership: each province and the Capital District is allocated a number of seats based on its representation in the National Council. Each province is allocated two senators regardless of its population. As of January 2028, Ante Magnum, Asryra, Credesia,Equetus, Isidar, Purépec, Radia, Sotsial, Veraise, and Vertannia each elect a non-voting delegate to the National Council.

Executive
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Judiciary
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Budget
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Elections
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Provincial, Tribal, Local Governments
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