Kiravian federalism: Difference between revisions

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==Policy distribution==
==Policy distribution==
Although <strike>not strictly accurate</strike> only quasi-accurate at best, the following table from a [[List of Kiravian think-tanks|Kiravian Vision Foundation]] {{wp|white paper}} provides a decent <strike>introduction to the topic</strike> placeholder until a better visual aid is available:
{| class="wikitable"  
 
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#c0c3e2;" | Federal
|'''Federal'''||'''Shared'''||'''Provincial'''
! style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | Concurrent
|-
! style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | Provincial
|  
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;"
*{{wp|National security}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | High Politics
*{{wp|Foreign policy}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
*{{wp|Monetary policy}}
| {{wp|National security}}<br>‣ {{wp|Foreign policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Colonial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Migration policy}}
*{{wp|Settler colonialism|Colonial policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Civil defence}}
*{{wp|Admiralty law}} <small>''and''</small> {{wp|Maritime policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ {{wp|Policing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public order}}<br>{{wp|Criminal law|Criminal justice}}
*{{wp|Migration policy}} <small>''and''</small> {{wp|Nationality law}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
*{{wp|Customs policy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Economics
*{{wp|Competition law}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
*{{wp|Nuclear policy}}
| ‣ {{wp|Monetary policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Commercial policy|Foreign commerce}}<br>{{wp|Common market|Inter-provincial commerce}}<br>‣ {{wp|Competition law}}<br><br><br><br>‣ {{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (deepwater)
*Railways
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Economic development|Development policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Industrial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Consumer protection}}<br>‣ {{wp|Financial regulation}}<br>‣ {{wp|Agricultural policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insolvency law|Insolvency}}<br>
*Aviation law
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ {{wp|Domestic trade|Intra-provincial trade}}<br>‣ {{wp|Natural resources}}<br>‣ {{wp|Corporate law|Corporate governance}}<br>‣ {{wp|Labour policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Spatial planning|Land use policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|British society|Licensing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insurance policy}}<br>{{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (territorial waters)
*{{wp|Weights and measures|Weights & Measures}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Administration
*Economic regulation
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
**{{wp|Industrial policy}}
| ‣ {{wp|Intellectual property}}<br>‣ [[Kiravian nationality law|Nationality law]] and Consular services<br>‣ Citizenship and naturalisation<br>‣ {{wp|Ship registration}}<br>
**{{wp|Banking law|Banking policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2; color:#000000;" |
*{{wp|Taxation}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Local and municipal government<br>‣ Elections<br>‣ Court administration<br>‣ Property law and registries<br>‣ [[Marital and family law in Kiravia|Marriage and guardianship]]<br>‣ [[Household registration in Kiravia|Civil registration]]<br>‣ [[Passport system in the Kiravian Federacy|Internal passports]]<br>‣ {{wp|Vehicle registration|Motor vehicle registration}}<br>‣ {{wp|Treasure trove}}
*{{wp|Environmental policy}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
*{{wp|Civil defence}} <br><small>''and''</small><br> {{wp|Emergency management}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:#000000;" | Public Services
*Urom affairs
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
||
| ‣ Postal service<br>‣ Social Pension System<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Forest highways
*{{wp|Policing}} <small>''and''</small> {{wp|Public order}}  
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2; color:#000000;" | ‣ Healthcare financing<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Federal highways
*{{wp|Education policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Public education<br>‣ Public universities<br>‣ {{wp|Housing policy}}, {{wp|Public housing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Welfare policy|Welfare}}<br>‣ {{wp|Mosquito control}}<br>‣ Highway rest stops<br>‣ {{wp|Public utilities}}<br>‣ {{wp|Emergency services}}<br>‣ Health quarantine and colonies<br>‣ Other public roads
*{{wp|Social policy}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
*{{wp|Property law}}
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Policy
*{{wp|Corporate law}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
*{{wp|Labour law}}
| ‣ [[Marble Emperor|Imperial affairs]] and protocol<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Video poker law]]
*{{wp|Land use}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Ethnarch|Traditional rulers}}<br>‣ {{wp|Drug policy}}<br>{{wp|Public holiday|Holidays and observances}}
*{{wp|Resource policy|Resources}} <small>''and''</small> {{wp|Fisheries policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df; color:#000000;" | ‣ {{wp|Language policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Education policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|State churches}}<br>‣ {{wp|Privacy law}}<br><br>‣ Broadcasting<br>‣ {{wp|Censorship}}<br>‣ {{wp|Category:Fireworks policy by country|Pyrotechnics policy}}<br>‣ Lotteries & Bookmaking<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Pari-mutuel betting law]]<br>‣ {{wp|Drunk driving law by country|Beveraged driver persecution}}
*{{wp|Public health|Health policy}}
*{{wp|Social welfare|Public welfare}}
*Court administration
*Most {{wp|Criminal justice}}
*Most {{wp|Infrastructure}}
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Miscellaneous
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ {{wp|Maritime policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Space policy}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ Environmental policy<br>‣ ''[[Urom]]'' affairs
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Antiquities policy<br>‣ Field archæology
|}
|}
===Modes of Concurrence===
====Federal Demesne====
In a sphere of spatial and functional contexts known as the '''federal demesne''' that are outside the jurisdiction of any individual province, the federal government assumes responsibilities normally belonging to the provinces, mainly in the area of administration. For example, although marriage and divorce are regulated by the provinces, the Federal government sets laws on these subjects that apply on federal military bases, federal prisons, and Kiravian-flagged ships at sea.
====Provincial Administration of Federal Programmes====
Provincial agencies may have a suppporting or primary role in administering programmes authorised at the federal level. For example, the process of evaluating, selecting, and monitoring projects that receive grants from the [[Kiravian_Development_Executive#Structural_Adjustment_Fund|Structural Adjustment Fund]] (part of the federal budget), is largely carried out by provincial and sub-provincial entities known as Designated Management Authorities (DMAs), most of which are provincial and cantonal development ministries.
The Federal Highway System is federally-planned and built and maintained according to federal standards, and is funded out of the federal budget. However, construction and maintenance of the Federal Highways using these funds is the responsibility of the provinces, and the land on which they are built belongs to the Emperor in the right of the provinces rather than the right of the Federacy.
====Provincial Supplementation====
On subjects where federal law controls, in cases where federal law establishes a minimum restriction or requirement, provinces may enact a restriction or requirement greater than the federal minimum.
====Parallelism====
=====Foreign Relations=====
Perhaps the most interesting example of parallelism comes in the realm of foreign relations, where many of the more economically competitive Kiravian provinces conduct extensive {{wp|paradiplomacy}} activities and maintain foreign trade, investment, and tourism promotion offices abroad, even though foreign relations are properly the preserve of the Federal government. In the case ''Protestants in Service of Kiravia v. Hanoram'', the [[Federal Consistory]] ruled that states (though not other provinces) may sign {{wp|concordats}} with the [[Holy See]], an external sovereign entity, regarding matters within their competence.


==Classes==
==Classes==
===Provinces===
===Provinces===
===Non-territorial federal subjects===
===Non-territorial federal subjects===
===Statehood===
Statehood is a constitutional status accorded to some (but not all) provinces.
*'''Full constitutional patriation''' - Whereas the chartered governments of other provinces are enacted (either unilaterally or bilaterally) by federal lawmaking bodies, can be revoked or suspended on federal authority, and require federal assent for amendments, state constitutions are creatures of state law alone. State constitutions must satisfy the minumum requirements laid out in Article F of the Kiravian constitution.
*'''Central bank equity''' - States are required to pay up their share of capital in the [[Reserve Bank of Kirav]], according to a decennial capital key that accounts for each state's gross regional product and population.
*'''Fiscal autonomy''' - State governments are not subject to audit by federal agents. The {{wp|sovereign wealth|wealth}} and {{wp|sovereign debt|debt}} of the States are sovereign, and the federal government cannot seize, freeze, appropriate, or otherwise interfere with state funds or financial assets. This contrasts with the situation in chartered territories/entrustancies, intendancies, dependencies, etc., where the federal government is empowered and obligated to suspend the province's charter or articles of government and assume control of its finances in order to address a fiscal emergency.
==Federalism and the Emperor==
From the outset of Kiravian federation, it was established that the [[Marble Emperor]] reigns both in the right of the Federacy and in the right of each province. The federal government and the provincial governments alike are instituted in the Emperor's name and govern on the Emperor's behalf. Imperial rights, powers, and prerogatives may be held at either the federal or provincial level. For example, the Emperor's power of {{wp|escheat}}, rights to {{wp|treasure trove}}, and ownership of {{wp|amber}} deposits are exercised by provincial governments; whereas the Emperor's {{wp|salvage rights}} and ownership of the {{wp|electromagnetic spectrum}} are exercised by the federal government.
==Judicial federalism==
The Kiravian justice system comprises the federal judiciary and the provincial judiciaries. The provincial court systems are distinct from the federal system and from each other, with each having its own organisational apparatus, norms, and body of cultivated law and precedent.
The overwhelming majority of legal matters in Kiravia are brought before provincial courts and addressed at that level, while most of the remainder originate in federal trial courts. The scope and volume of appeals from provincial courts to federal courts is more limited in Kiravia than in other federations, and generally only occurs after the entire provincial appellate process has been exhausted. In regards to cases involving {{wp|constitutional rights}}, federal judges apply a doctrine of {{wp|subsidiarity}} holding that in matters where the federal and provincial constitutions are redundant, federal courts should not hear cases until provincial recourse has been exhausted.
The jurisdiction of the federal judiciary is defined by the Kiravian constitution:


==Fiscal federalism==
==Fiscal federalism==
''See also: [[Taxation in Kiravia]]''
The taxation régime in the KF is structured to ensure that the provinces have a sufficient independent domestic revenue base to finance good governance, while also providing adequate funding for common purposes such as national defence and structural support to underdeveloped regions.
The taxation régime in the KF is structured to ensure that the provinces have a sufficient independent domestic revenue base to finance good governance, while also providing adequate funding for common purposes such as national defence and structural support to underdeveloped regions.


Federal government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|income taxes}} and {{wp|customs duties}}, and secondarily from a selection of excises on interprovincial commerce. Provincial government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|consumption taxes}} and {{wp|land value tax}}, and secondarily from {{wp|stamp taxes}}, and specific duties (e.g. on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, men's magazines, electricity). In some provinces, {{wp|resource rents}} contribute significantly to the public coffers.
Federal government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|income taxes}}, {{wp|consumption tax}} allocations, and {{wp|customs duties}}, and secondarily from a selection of excises on interprovincial commerce, most prominently energy-related taxes on fuels and electricity. Provincial government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|land value tax}} and {{wp|consumption tax}} allocations, and secondarily from {{wp|stamp taxes}} and specific duties (e.g. on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and men's magazines). Liquor taxes are particularly lucrative, and their enforcement is a high priority for provincial revenue agencies, given that liquor tax evasion is similarly profitable. In some provinces, {{wp|resource rents}} and revenue from {{wp|public lands}} contribute significantly to the government coffers. Whereas the scope of federal taxation power is circumscribed by the constitution, provincial taxation is not so constrained: The provinces have wide-reaching power to levy taxes of their own accord within the ambit of their respective charters, and are free to impose concurrent taxes with the federal government (e.g. a provincial income tax), and also to delegate taxation authority to lower levels of government, such as cantons, countyships, municipalities, or special purpose bodies such as water control districts and local school boards.
 
Both the Federacy (the [[Kiravian International Investment Fund]]) and a few resource-rich provinces (e.g. [[Korlēdan]]) operate {{wp|sovereign wealth funds}}. The federal KIIF serves as an instrument of foreign policy and often furthers Kiravian strategic goals, whereas the provincial sovereign wealth funds mostly serve to defray certain administrative costs (for example, public school expenses) and support the government in times of fiscal emergency.  


===Structural and Devolved Funds===
===Structural and Devolved Funds===
A significant share of the federal budget is received by provincial governments or involves the participation of provincial governments in managing the expenditure. This category of federal expenditure includes funded mandates (when provinces carry out a federal function or administer a federal programme at federal expense), devolved funds (funds granted to the states to manage in support of broad policy goals, such as highway funds), and more substantively concurrent programmes such as the [[Kiravian_Development_Executive#Structural_Adjustment_Fund|Structural Adjustment Fund]], in which both federal and provincial bodies have an active role in the management of federal funds.
The Structural Adjustment Fund is the largest and most important of the structural funds, and is intended to support economic development, maintain nationwide social stability and cohesion, and reduce regional disparities in growth and standards of living. It accounts for a majority of federal spending on domestic development aid. SAF grants are administered by the federal Development Executive together with select provincial and subprovincial agencies known as Designated Management Authorities. Designated Management Authorities receive grant applications and screen out ineligible or informal proposals. They then evaluate proposals on the merits and select which to send on to Kartika for further consideration by the Development Executive. At the federal level, the Structural Adjustment Fund Administration’s Boards of Review and Allowance make their final selections based on a "Blue Book" of federal standards, supplemented by memoranda issued by the Chief Development Executive expressing the current administration’s development strategy and priorities. Post-grant, both the DMA and the SAFA’s Office of Supervision receive reports from receiving organisations on the use of grant money and monitor the implementation of projects to ensure compliance with federal regulations and the grant agreement.


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:KRV]]
[[Category:Kiravian politics]]
[[Category:Kiravian politics]]
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