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Khunyer language: Difference between revisions
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| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | | revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | ||
| familycolor = Uralic | | familycolor = Uralic | ||
| fam1 = | | fam1 = Orenstian | ||
| fam2 = Khunyer | | fam2 = Samo-Khunyer | ||
| fam3 = | | fam3 = Khunyer-Mori | ||
| protoname = Őskhunyer | | protoname = Őskhunyer | ||
| ancestor = | | ancestor = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Khunyer''' (''khunyernyelv'') is | '''Khunyer''' (''khunyernyelv'') is an [[Orenstian languages|Orenstian]] language spoken predominantly in [[Hendalarsk]] and to a lesser extent in neighbouring countries. It is the most westerly of the Orenstian languages, located thousands of miles away from the family's ''Urheimat'' in northeastern [[Levantia]], and is also the most widely-spoken language of the family, with around 18.4 million first-language speakers across Hendalarsk proper and the [[Pentapolis]] and millions more diasporic and second-language speakers around the world. It is the only surviving language of the Khunyer-Mori subfamily, and is one of only three extant languages of that subfamily's parent subfamily Samo-Khunyer. | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Khunyer is an agglutinative language, in stark contrast to the Occidental languages that predominate in Levantia. It uses various affixes - primarily | Khunyer is an agglutinative language, in stark contrast to the Occidental languages that predominate in Levantia. It uses various affixes - primarily suffixes, although prefixes and a circumfix<ref>Primarily used to indicate the superlative form of adjectives, the circumfix used is leg⟩...⟨bb, as in legnagyobb "biggest", from nagy "big". See ''Khunyer for Beginners'' (Eder and Smid, 2011 (2nd ed.)) for more examples.</ref> are also employed, to change a word's meaning and its grammatical function. | ||
===Vowel harmony=== | ===Vowel harmony=== | ||
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Although Khunyer is sometimes described as having free word order, different word orders are generally not interchangeable, and the neutral order is not always correct to use. In the following examples, the topic is marked with italics, and the focus (comment) is marked with boldface.<ref>An example of Hendalarskisch's influence is that the key word "apple" (''afát'') in the sentences below is plainly derived from the Hendalarskisch ''Apfel''.</ref> | Although Khunyer is sometimes described as having free word order, different word orders are generally not interchangeable, and the neutral order is not always correct to use. In the following examples, the topic is marked with italics, and the focus (comment) is marked with boldface.<ref>An example of Hendalarskisch's influence is that the key word "apple" (''afát'') in the sentences below is plainly derived from the Hendalarskisch ''Apfel''.</ref> | ||
*István látja az afát. - 'István sees the apple'. Neutral sentence. | *István látja az afát. - 'István sees the apple'. Neutral sentence. | ||
*''István'' '''látja''' az afát. - 'István '''sees''' the apple'. ( | *''István'' '''látja''' az afát. - 'István '''sees''' the apple'. (Salamon may not see the apple.) | ||
*'''István''' látja az ''afát''. - 'It is ''' | *'''István''' látja az ''afát''. - 'It is '''István''' who sees the apple'. (The listener may have thought that someone else saw the apple.) | ||
*'''Látja''' István az ''afát''. - 'István '''does''' see the apple'. (The listener may have thought that István didn't see the apple.) | *'''Látja''' István az ''afát''. - 'István '''does''' see the apple'. (The listener may have thought that István didn't see the apple.) | ||
*''István''''' az afát '''látja. - 'What István sees is '''the apple''''. (It is the apple, not another fruit, that István specifically sees. However, Salamon may see the other fruit.) | *''István''''' az afát '''látja. - 'What István sees is '''the apple''''. (It is the apple, not another fruit, that István specifically sees. However, another observer, Salamon, may see the other fruit.) | ||
*''Az afát''''' látja''' István. - 'It is the ''apple'' that is '''seen''' by István'. (The other fruit may not be seen by István, but it may be smelled, for example.) | *''Az afát''''' látja''' István. - 'It is the ''apple'' that is '''seen''' by István'. (The other fruit may not be seen by István, but it may be smelled, for example.) | ||
*''Az afát''''' István''' látja. - 'It is by '''István''' that the ''apple'' is seen'. (The apple is ''not'' seen by Salamon, but another fruit ''may'' be seen by Salamon.) | *''Az afát''''' István''' látja. - 'It is by '''István''' that the ''apple'' is seen'. (The apple is ''not'' seen by Salamon, but another fruit ''may'' be seen by Salamon.) | ||
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==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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