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Government of Verona: Difference between revisions
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| legislature_place = [[Verona State Capitol]] | | legislature_place = [[Verona State Capitol]] | ||
| upperhouse = [[Senate of Verona|Senate]] | | upperhouse = [[Senate of Verona|Senate]] | ||
| upperhouse_speaker = [[ | | upperhouse_speaker = [[Miguel Nazário]] | ||
| upperhouse_speaker_title = [[Lieutenant Governor of Verona|President]] | | upperhouse_speaker_title = [[Lieutenant Governor of Verona|President]] | ||
| lowerhouse = [[Verona Chamber of Emissaries|Chamber of Emissaries]] | | lowerhouse = [[Verona Chamber of Emissaries|Chamber of Emissaries]] | ||
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| lowerhouse_appointer = | | lowerhouse_appointer = | ||
| title_hosag = [[Governor of Verona|Governor]] | | title_hosag = [[Governor of Verona|Governor]] | ||
| current_hosag = [[ | | current_hosag = [[Asiri Figueiredo]] | ||
| appointer_hosag = {{wp|Election}} | | appointer_hosag = {{wp|Election}} | ||
| cabinet = [[Governor of Verona|Governor's Cabinet]] | | cabinet = [[Governor of Verona|Governor's Cabinet]] | ||
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| court = [[Supreme Court of Verona]] | | court = [[Supreme Court of Verona]] | ||
| chief_judge = Angélica Cabral | | chief_judge = Angélica Cabral | ||
| court_seat = [[ | | court_seat = [[Aurimá]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
Founded in 1404, the Verona General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in Cartadania. In provincial Verona, the lower house of the legislature was called the Hall of Orators. Together with the Governor's Council, the Hall of Orators made up the "General Assembly". The Governor's Council was composed of 12 men appointed by the Imperator to advise the governor. The council also served as the "General Court" of the province, a provincial equivalent of a Supreme Court. Members of the Hall of Orators were chosen by all those who could vote in the colony. Each regio chose two people or orators to represent it, while the College of William and Mary and the cities of Sierra, Emporia, and Mirada each chose one orator. The Orators met to make laws for the province and set the direction for its future growth; the council would then review the laws and either approve or disapprove them. The approval of the Orators, the council, and the governor was needed to pass a law. The idea of electing orators was important and new. It gave Veronesians a chance to control their own government for the first time. At first, the orators were elected by all patrician men in the colony. Women, indentured servants, and plebians could not vote. Later the rules for voting changed, making it possible for all plebian class individuals to vote. | |||
Like many other states, by the 1680s Verona featured a state legislature, several executive officers, and an independent judiciary. By the time of the Constitution of 1891, the General Assembly continued as the legislature, the Supreme Court of Appeals acted as the judiciary, and the eight executive officers were elected: the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, Secretary of the Commonwealth, state treasurer, auditor of public accounts, superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of agriculture and immigration. The Constitution of 1891 was amended many times, notably in the 1920s and 1940s, before it was abandoned in favor of more modern government, with fewer elected officials, reformed local governments and a more streamlined judiciary. | |||
== Executive branch == | == Executive branch == | ||
{{See also|Governor of Verona|Lieutenant Governor of Verona}} | {{See also|Governor of Verona|Lieutenant Governor of Verona}} | ||
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<gallery mode="nolines"> | <gallery mode="nolines"> | ||
File: | File:Paulo Dantas Foto Oficial.jpg|'''[[Asiri Figueiredo]] (SDP)''' <br /> [[Governor of Verona|Governor]] | ||
File: | File:18_01_2023_-_Visita_de_Cortesia_Jerônimo_Rodrigues_(Governador_do_Estado_da_Bahia-BA)_(52635213362)_(cropped).jpg|'''[[Miguel Nazário]] (SDP)''' <br /> [[Lieutenant Governor of Verona|Lieutenant Governor]] | ||
File:Diana_Morant_2021_(cropped).jpg|'''Aleyshka Silva (SDP)''' <br /> [[Secretary of | File:Diana_Morant_2021_(cropped).jpg|'''Aleyshka Silva (SDP)''' <br /> [[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Verona|Secretary of the Commonwealth]] | ||
File:François-Philippe_Champagne_-_2017_(32684778620)_(cropped).jpg|'''Noah Ramírez (SDP)''' <br /> [[Verona Attorney General|Attorney General]] | File:François-Philippe_Champagne_-_2017_(32684778620)_(cropped).jpg|'''Noah Ramírez (SDP)''' <br /> [[Verona Attorney General|Attorney General]] | ||
File:Foto_Perfil_Mónica_Fernández_Balboa.jpg|'''Teresa Carnicer (SDP)''' <br /> [[Verona Commonwealth Treasurer|Commonwealth Treasurer]] | File:Foto_Perfil_Mónica_Fernández_Balboa.jpg|'''Teresa Carnicer (SDP)''' <br /> [[Verona Commonwealth Treasurer|Commonwealth Treasurer]] | ||
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All candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party. At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation. If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held. | All candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party. At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation. If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held. | ||
[[File:CalTrans_headquarters.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Verona Department of Transportation|VDOT]] headquarters in | [[File:CalTrans_headquarters.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Verona Department of Transportation|VDOT]] headquarters in Aurimá.]] | ||
The commonwealth's government is organized into many departments, of which most have been grouped together into several large Cabinet-level agencies. These agencies are sometimes informally referred to as superagencies, especially by government officials, to distinguish them from the general usage of the term "government agency". Today, the Cabinet-level agencies (superagencies) are the: | The commonwealth's government is organized into many departments, of which most have been grouped together into several large Cabinet-level agencies. These agencies are sometimes informally referred to as superagencies, especially by government officials, to distinguish them from the general usage of the term "government agency". Today, the Cabinet-level agencies (superagencies) are the: | ||
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== Legislative branch == | == Legislative branch == | ||
{{Main|Verona General Assembly}} | {{Main|Verona General Assembly}} | ||
[[File: | [[File:California State Capitol in Sacramento.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Verona State Capitol in [[Aurimá]].]] | ||
The legislative branch of Verona is the Verona General Assembly, which is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Verona Chamber of Emissaries, with 120 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Verona, with 80 members. Combined together, the Verona General Assembly consists of 200 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The General Assembly holds sessions in the [[Verona State Capitol]] in | The legislative branch of Verona is the Verona General Assembly, which is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Verona Chamber of Emissaries, with 120 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Verona, with 80 members. Combined together, the Verona General Assembly consists of 200 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The General Assembly holds sessions in the [[Verona State Capitol]] in Aurimá. | ||
The Chamber of Emissaries is presided over by the Orator Princeps, while the Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Verona. The Chamber and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Verona's clerk is known as the Secretary of the Senate. The General Assembly also selects the Commonwealth's Auditor of Public Accounts. The statutory law enacted is codified in the Code of Verona. | The Chamber of Emissaries is presided over by the Orator Princeps, while the Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Verona. The Chamber and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Verona's clerk is known as the Secretary of the Senate. The General Assembly also selects the Commonwealth's Auditor of Public Accounts. The statutory law enacted is codified in the Code of Verona. | ||
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New legislators convene each new two-year session, to organize, in the Chamber and Senate halls, respectively, at noon on the first Monday in December following the election. After the organizational meeting, both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January, except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday, in which case they meet the following Wednesday. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round. | New legislators convene each new two-year session, to organize, in the Chamber and Senate halls, respectively, at noon on the first Monday in December following the election. After the organizational meeting, both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January, except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday, in which case they meet the following Wednesday. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round. | ||
== Judiciary == | == Judiciary == | ||
{{Main|Judiciary of Verona}} | {{Main|Judiciary of Verona}} | ||
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=== School districts === | === School districts === | ||
[[File:TurlingtonTally1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The [[Verona Department of Education|VDOE]] headquarters in | [[File:TurlingtonTally1.JPG|thumb|left|200px|The [[Verona Department of Education|VDOE]] headquarters in Aurimá.]] | ||
In Verona, each school district is run by a school board. The elected council of the school board helps determine educational policy within the boundaries of the school district, its taxable area, which is "independent" of local government authority. The board also has the ultimate say in the hiring and firing of principals and superintendents and other district-wide administrative positions. The employment of teachers in individual schools, however, is generally at the discretion of the principal and administrative staff of the respective schools. | In Verona, each school district is run by a school board. The elected council of the school board helps determine educational policy within the boundaries of the school district, its taxable area, which is "independent" of local government authority. The board also has the ultimate say in the hiring and firing of principals and superintendents and other district-wide administrative positions. The employment of teachers in individual schools, however, is generally at the discretion of the principal and administrative staff of the respective schools. | ||