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Papal State: Difference between revisions
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| legislature = Pontifical Commission | | legislature = Pontifical Commission | ||
| established_event1 = Formal borders established | | established_event1 = Esquiline Decree | ||
| sovereignty_type = | | established_date1 = [[520]] | ||
| | | established_event2 = Formal borders established | ||
| sovereignty_type = Establishment | |||
| established_date2 = 11 February [[1815]] | |||
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{{Further|Pope}} | {{Further|Pope}} | ||
===Early emergence=== | ===Early emergence=== | ||
During the period of the [[Great_Levantia#Potentate_–_the_Principate|Great Levantine Potentate]], the office of Pontifex Maximus wielded supreme political and religious authority in the state. As the state transitioned to [[Great_Levantia#Potentate_–_the_Dominate|the Dominate]], the office of Pontifex Maximus was diverged from that of Emperor and became an Imperial appointee, retaining some official standing and religious leadership but losing the position of preeminent political office. In [[314]], the first Christian Emperor, [[Amadeus Agrippa]] permanently gave the office of Pontifex Maximus to the [[Pope|Bishop of Urceopolis]], greatly enhancing the political prestige of the Pope and also giving it nominal responsibilities within the Great Levantine state. The [[Great_Levantia#End_of_the_Empire|collapse of the Empire in 502]] resulted in the Urceopolitan Bishop having not only significant religious authority but also political authority as the primary arbiter of disputes between the statelets and manors in the Urce river valley. The collapse also led to the Pope solidifying control over the parts of [[Urceopolis (City)|Urceopolis]] immediately surrounding [[St. Peter's Archbasilica]], those parts which were south of the Esquiline River. This control was allegedly confirmed by an act of the [[Duchy of Urceopolis]] in [[520]], though historians - both then and now - have questioned the legitimacy or existence of such an act. In any case, the Pope began to wield significant hard and soft political authority in the 6th century. The Pope would, in time, also come to influence the election of the Duke of Urceopolis by the end of the 8th century. | During the period of the [[Great_Levantia#Potentate_–_the_Principate|Great Levantine Potentate]], the office of Pontifex Maximus wielded supreme political and religious authority in the state. As the state transitioned to [[Great_Levantia#Potentate_–_the_Dominate|the Dominate]], the office of Pontifex Maximus was diverged from that of Emperor and became an Imperial appointee, retaining some official standing and religious leadership but losing the position of preeminent political office. In [[314]], the first Christian Emperor, [[Amadeus Agrippa]] permanently gave the office of Pontifex Maximus to the [[Pope|Bishop of Urceopolis]], greatly enhancing the political prestige of the Pope and also giving it nominal responsibilities within the Great Levantine state. The [[Great_Levantia#End_of_the_Empire|collapse of the Empire in 502]] resulted in the Urceopolitan Bishop having not only significant religious authority but also political authority as the primary arbiter of disputes between the statelets and manors in the Urce river valley. The collapse also led to the Pope solidifying control over the parts of [[Urceopolis (City)|Urceopolis]] immediately surrounding [[St. Peter's Archbasilica]], those parts which were south of the Esquiline River. This control was allegedly confirmed by an act of the [[Duchy of Urceopolis]] in [[520]] called the Esquiline Decree, though historians - both then and now - have questioned the legitimacy or existence of such an act. In any case, the Pope began to wield significant hard and soft political authority in the 6th century. The Pope would, in time, also come to influence the election of the Duke of Urceopolis by the end of the 8th century. | ||
The establishment of the [[Holy Levantine Empire|Levantine Empire]] by [[Conchobar I, Emperor of the Levantines|Emperor Conchobar I]] in the 750s and 760s transformed Papal political authority in the span of just a few years. Conchobar consolidated most of [[The Valley (Urcea)|the Urce Valley]] into the [[Archduchy of Urceopolis]]; as part of this, he created the [[Duchy of Transurciana]] out of a large portion of lands east of the Urce and south of the Esquiline River. This Duchy, though part of the Archduchy and subordinated to the Archduke of Urceopolis, had the right of final appeal to the Pope. The Duchy became, de facto, part of the Pope's direct domain. This distinction, however, was never formalized into law, leading to centuries of debates between the Pope and the future Urcean Crown about the exact extent of the Pope's earthly political authority. By the 11th century, through both his direct domains, the Duchy, and other areas obtained, the Pope had accrued large amounts of political power and influence within the southern Holy Levantine Empire, rivaled only by the [[Julian dynasty|Julian]] Urceopolis-Harren realm. | The establishment of the [[Holy Levantine Empire|Levantine Empire]] by [[Conchobar I, Emperor of the Levantines|Emperor Conchobar I]] in the 750s and 760s transformed Papal political authority in the span of just a few years. Conchobar consolidated most of [[The Valley (Urcea)|the Urce Valley]] into the [[Archduchy of Urceopolis]]; as part of this, he created the [[Duchy of Transurciana]] out of a large portion of lands east of the Urce and south of the Esquiline River (with the exception of [[Urceopolis_(City)#Kingswood|Kingswood]]). This Duchy, though part of the Archduchy and subordinated to the Archduke of Urceopolis, had the right of final appeal to the Pope. The Duchy became, de facto, part of the Pope's direct domain. This distinction, however, was never formalized into law, leading to centuries of debates between the Pope and the future Urcean Crown about the exact extent of the Pope's earthly political authority. By the 11th century, through both his direct domains, the Duchy, and other areas obtained, the Pope had accrued large amounts of political power and influence within the southern Holy Levantine Empire, rivaled only by the [[Julian dynasty|Julian]] Urceopolis-Harren realm. This period saw the conferral of formal rights to the Pope on an individual diplomatic basis just Transurciana, usually in the form of perpetual tribute of taxes by various small cities and feudal entities; these were usually obtained either as pious acts of charity or in exchange for Papal support for political aims. Many of these tax agreements would persist through the 19th century. | ||
The [[Golden Bull of 1098]], which established [[Urcea]] as a polity and the [[Imperial Kingdom of Urcea]] as a legal entity, would change the political dynamic in the area and inaugurate a period of significant Crown-Papal disputes over control of the Urce valley. The conquest of the [[Creagmer republics]] by the Urcean Crown in the 1130s [[History_of_Urcea_(1098-1214)#The_Crown_and_the_Papacy|was a major flashpoint]] which was resolved only by the death of {{wp|Pope Innocent II}} in [[1143]]. The Pope reached the zenith of his authority in the 1140s and 1150s, as the Pope manuevered authority to appoint regents for two Urcean child monarchs; after their deaths, the Pope directly governed most of southern Urcea including the [[Duchy of Harren]] from 1153 to 1156 until King Seán I assumed the throne. The Popes also imposed a toll on all business in the Esquiline River. This posture led to the major confrontation between King Seán I and the Popes of the 12th century: the rise and fall of the Esquiline Commune. These conflicts would lead to the gradual decline of the territorial extent of the Papal State as the Pope's temporal authority began to wane. | The [[Golden Bull of 1098]], which established [[Urcea]] as a polity and the [[Imperial Kingdom of Urcea]] as a legal entity, would change the political dynamic in the area and inaugurate a period of significant Crown-Papal disputes over control of the Urce valley. The conquest of the [[Creagmer republics]] by the Urcean Crown in the 1130s [[History_of_Urcea_(1098-1214)#The_Crown_and_the_Papacy|was a major flashpoint]] which was resolved only by the death of {{wp|Pope Innocent II}} in [[1143]]. The Pope reached the zenith of his authority in the 1140s and 1150s, as the Pope manuevered authority to appoint regents for two Urcean child monarchs; after their deaths, the Pope directly governed most of southern Urcea including the [[Duchy of Harren]] from 1153 to 1156 until King Seán I assumed the throne. The Popes also imposed a toll on all business in the Esquiline River. This posture led to the major confrontation between King Seán I and the Popes of the 12th century: the rise and fall of the Esquiline Commune. These conflicts would lead to the gradual decline of the territorial extent of the Papal State as the Pope's temporal authority began to wane. | ||
===Esquiline Commune=== | ===Esquiline Commune=== | ||
===Decline | ===Decline=== | ||
===Ambiguous legal status=== | |||
By the dawn of the 17th century, the temporal authority of the Pope had waned significantly, though his independence and sovereignty had been secured by the Catholic victory in the [[Great Confessional War]] and promises to that effect by [[Leo III, Emperor of the Levantines|King Leo II]]. The portions of Urceopolis south of the Esquiline were largely, but not entirely, part of his domain. A small number of scattered manors and a handful of monasteries throughout Urcea still retained direct Papal oversight. In some parts of [[Harren]], two cities in [[Canaery]], and four counties in central [[Archduchy of Urceopolis|Archduchy]], cities owed a small portion of their overall tax and manpower to the Pope; these Papal fiefs were part of the overall complex of overlapping jurisdictions that characterized pre-[[Administrative Reorganization Act of 1892|Reorganization Act]] Urcea. In Urceopolis itself, the borders of the Papal territory were extremely unclear especially in the wake of the Great Confessional War, where some (but not all) legal acts of the Ronanid Urcean Kings remained in force. Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, legal disputes between the Papacy and Crown were common in Urcean courts as the Royal and city government gave approval for encroachment into the [[Urceopolis_(City)#Petersbaile|Petersbaile]] and [[Urceopolis_(City)#Popeswood|Popeswood]] areas of Urceopolis. The ownership of an area called [[Urceopolis_(City)#the_Royal_Burgh_(the_Strip)|the Strip]] was also contested due to changes in the flow of Churchcreek over time. Issues related to free access to the [[Urce River]] for both economic and diplomatic purposes were also unclear, and the ability of the Papal State to access the sea unfettered depended on the good will of the individual Urcean monarch. A "final Papal settlement" was pursued at various times during the 1760s and 1770s, but no agreement could be reached. As the Apostolic Kings of Urcea assumed the position of [[Emperor of the Levantines]] beginning around 1700, the Papal State assumed a higher feudal status similar to that of other Imperial polities, thereby elevating it to a continued place of diplomatic prominence and legal sovereign assurance. After the [[Second Caroline War]], Urcea would lose the Imperial title and inaugurate a period of uncertainty known as the [[Recess of the Julii]]. The Recess was beneficial to the Papacy, however, as it gave the Popes leverage to reach a final settlement with Urcea as the Apostolic Kings sought to solidify their reign in light of the major defeat and loss of position. | |||
===River Concordat of 1815=== | ===River Concordat of 1815=== | ||