1967 Urcean political crisis: Difference between revisions

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The '''1967 Urcean political crisis''' was a major breakdown in the systems of the [[Government of Urcea|government of Urcea]] that began in February [[1967]] and lasted until May [[1967]]. During that period, the [[Concilium Daoni]] did not meet, the longest such period in the modern history of the Daoni. The crisis, which introduced questions about the [[Constitution of Urcea|Urcean constitution]] into the public sphere, was ultimately resolved with a complex arrangement of [[Apostolic King of Urcea|Royal]] appointments as well as {{wp|confidence and supply}} agreements.
The '''1967 Urcean political crisis''' was a major breakdown in the systems of the [[Government of Urcea|government of Urcea]] that began in February [[1967]] and lasted until May [[1967]]. During that period, the [[Concilium Daoni]] did not meet, the longest such period in the modern history of the Daoni. The crisis, which introduced questions about the [[Constitution of Urcea|Urcean constitution]] into the public sphere, was ultimately resolved with a complex arrangement of [[Apostolic King of Urcea|Royal]] appointments as well as {{wp|confidence and supply}} agreements.


==Background==
==Background==
{{Main|Urlazio Synod}}
{{Main|Urlazio Synod}}
In the 1955 Urcean elections, the [[Commonwealth Union (Urcea)|Commonwealth Union]] won a major victory, continuing a string of victories going back several decades. John Donnula was elected both [[Procuator]] and [[Chancellor and Temporary President]] of the [[Concilium Daoni]].
In the 1955 Urcean elections, the [[Commonwealth Union (Urcea)|Commonwealth Union]] won a major victory, continuing a string of victories going back several decades. John Donnula was elected both [[Procuator]] and [[Chancellor and Temporary President]] of the [[Concilium Daoni]]. A decade later, in the 1965 Urcean elections, the Commonwealth Union retained its majority with 257 seats. The [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]] won 221 seats, and the [[Julian Party (Urcea)|Julian Party]] won 22 seats.  
 
[[File:Benjamin S. Rosenthal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The conduct of Procurator John Donnula, who served from [[1956]] through [[1967]], was the initial reason for the political instability]]
In [[1956]], the [[Catholic Church]] began backroom negotiations with the [[Government of Caphiria|Caphirian government]] about the possibility of mending or lessening the [[Great Schism of 1615]]. These talks occurred against the backdrop of the [[Occidental Cold War]] on one hand and a new global era of diplomacy backed by the [[League of Nations]] on the other. These negotiations culminated with an agreement to hold a synod of Catholic and [[Caphiric Church]] bishops in [[Urlazio]] in March [[1956]]. The [[government of Urcea]], then controlled by the [[Commonwealth Union (Urcea)|Commonwealth Union]], secretly collaborated with the Caphirian government to scuttle the talks, successfully cancelling the synod in late winter. As Procurator, John Donnula played a major role in undermining the talks. The sabotage of Church affairs was not known to King Patrick IV, who discovered it privately in [[1965]]. In his deathbed last will and testament published at his death on 1 February 1967, the King revealed the duplicity to the public.
In [[1956]], the [[Catholic Church]] began backroom negotiations with the [[Government of Caphiria|Caphirian government]] about the possibility of mending or lessening the [[Great Schism of 1615]]. These talks occurred against the backdrop of the [[Occidental Cold War]] on one hand and a new global era of diplomacy backed by the [[League of Nations]] on the other. These negotiations culminated with an agreement to hold a synod of Catholic and [[Caphiric Church]] bishops in [[Urlazio]] in March [[1956]]. The [[government of Urcea]], then controlled by the [[Commonwealth Union (Urcea)|Commonwealth Union]], secretly collaborated with the Caphirian government to scuttle the talks, successfully cancelling the synod in late winter. As Procurator, John Donnula played a major role in undermining the talks. The sabotage of Church affairs was not known to King Patrick IV, who discovered it privately in [[1965]]. In his deathbed last will and testament published at his death on 1 February 1967, the King revealed the duplicity to the public.


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Efforts to suppress the document were only partly successful. Minor publications published news of it on the morning of 2 February, and though their reach was limited, it nonetheless caused a major sensation in [[Urceopolis (City)|Urceopolis]]. Minor court officials, who had seen the document themselves, were seen in discussions with the [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]] minority leader of the Concilium Daoni, Felix Finnean. The new King, in his first full day as [[Apostolic King of Urcea]], awoke to significant controversy in the Palace. He summoned Procurator Donnula to a private audience - ostensibly a normal King-Procurator meeting - at 10 AM that day. According to Palace insiders, Donnula was largely evasive with the new monarch, avoiding questions about the Urlazio Synod directly and successfully focusing on issues related to the coronation planning. Only later in the day did the coverup effort become known - an audience between the two Censors and their new monarch made it plain that not only did Caelian II not authorize Donnula to request the will be censored, but the Procurator had deliberately hid the growing controversy to the King. The reportedly enraged new King demanded the Censors retract any attempted censorship. With Censorial restrictions removed and no evidence forthcoming that the will was actually a forgery, most outlets - including the [[Levantine Times Union]] - printed the news in special afternoon or evening editions.
Efforts to suppress the document were only partly successful. Minor publications published news of it on the morning of 2 February, and though their reach was limited, it nonetheless caused a major sensation in [[Urceopolis (City)|Urceopolis]]. Minor court officials, who had seen the document themselves, were seen in discussions with the [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]] minority leader of the Concilium Daoni, Felix Finnean. The new King, in his first full day as [[Apostolic King of Urcea]], awoke to significant controversy in the Palace. He summoned Procurator Donnula to a private audience - ostensibly a normal King-Procurator meeting - at 10 AM that day. According to Palace insiders, Donnula was largely evasive with the new monarch, avoiding questions about the Urlazio Synod directly and successfully focusing on issues related to the coronation planning. Only later in the day did the coverup effort become known - an audience between the two Censors and their new monarch made it plain that not only did Caelian II not authorize Donnula to request the will be censored, but the Procurator had deliberately hid the growing controversy to the King. The reportedly enraged new King demanded the Censors retract any attempted censorship. With Censorial restrictions removed and no evidence forthcoming that the will was actually a forgery, most outlets - including the [[Levantine Times Union]] - printed the news in special afternoon or evening editions.
 
[[File:Staatsbezoek Koningin Beatrix en Prins Claus aan Belgie, Beatrix en Koning Boudewijn tijdens het spelen volksliederen in Brussel, 1981, 931-4072.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The death of the previous King and ascension of King Caelian II (r. 1967-71) was a central factor of the crisis.]]
The news was a major shock to the Urcean political environment. Besides questions of his conduct related to the Urlazio Synod, many journalists began to question the Procurator's decisionmaking with respect to covering up the will. Discussion in the newspaper that night, and on the morning of 3 February, questioned not only the ethics but the legality of the Procurator's actions, as suppressing the last will and testament of a King could be conceived as a criminally treasonous act. On the morning of 3 February, Donnula attempted to have another audience with King Caelian II, attempting to convince the monarch to make a public show of confidence in the King, but the King refused to see him. As 3 February was a Friday, the Concilium Daoni was not in session, but over that weekend nearly every newspaper in the country was now covering the Synod controversy as well as the coverup. Before the end of the weekend, several leading members of the [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]] and even leaders of the [[Julian Party (Urcea)|Julian Party]] publicly stated that they thought Donnula should resign. As the Daoni met on the morning of Tuesday, 7 February, a {{Wp|motion of no confidence}} in Donnula's leadership as Chancellor was made, but the meeting was adjourned "on an emergency basis" until the next day, when the measure would be taken up.
The news was a major shock to the Urcean political environment. Besides questions of his conduct related to the Urlazio Synod, many journalists began to question the Procurator's decisionmaking with respect to covering up the will. Discussion in the newspaper that night, and on the morning of 3 February, questioned not only the ethics but the legality of the Procurator's actions, as suppressing the last will and testament of a King could be conceived as a criminally treasonous act. On the morning of 3 February, Donnula attempted to have another audience with King Caelian II, attempting to convince the monarch to make a public show of confidence in the King, but the King refused to see him. As 3 February was a Friday, the Concilium Daoni was not in session, but over that weekend nearly every newspaper in the country was now covering the Synod controversy as well as the coverup. Before the end of the weekend, several leading members of the [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]] and even leaders of the [[Julian Party (Urcea)|Julian Party]] publicly stated that they thought Donnula should resign. As the Daoni met on the morning of Tuesday, 7 February, a {{Wp|motion of no confidence}} in Donnula's leadership as Chancellor was made, but the meeting was adjourned "on an emergency basis" until the next day, when the measure would be taken up.


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Out of options and facing likely legal trouble, Donnula arrived at the Julian Palace on the morning of the 16th. In a private audience with the King, he asked if he might be pardoned in exchange for his immediate resignation. King Caelian II reluctantly agreed because he thought Donnula's removal might end the crisis but also because he thought a trial of a sitting Procurator would be harmful to the state. In a brief televised address, Donnula announced his resignation effective at noon on 16 February. Critically, his resignation was not only as Procurator, but as member of the [[Concilium Daoni]], reducing his party's seat share by 1. The King followed with his own address, reassuring the nation that the Urcean system of governance would overcome this crisis. In addition to announcing the indefinite postponement of his coronation, Caelian II explained in brief terms how the nation would now be governed. The [[Concilium Purpaidá]] would continue to make the day-to-day administrative decisions necessary to run the country. However, it would now exercise the executive power of the [[Procurator]] collegially, with the body being temporarily chaired by Cassio Loughlin. As man with the largest plurality support in the Daoni, the King would appoint Loughlin as "special envoy of the King to the Privy Council" which would enable him to chair the body as an ex officio member. Although unspoken, it was understood to the ministers that consequential foreign policy decisions would be made now by the [[Apostolic King of UrceA|Apostolic King]] in consultation with the [[Ministry of State (Urcea)|State Minister]]. The King would also now retain the ability to make {{wp|recess appointments}} for functionally any public office that required Daoni approval; while he imposed this condition largely as an inducement for the Daoni to choose a leader, he would instead be called upon to make dozens of appointments during the crisis.
Out of options and facing likely legal trouble, Donnula arrived at the Julian Palace on the morning of the 16th. In a private audience with the King, he asked if he might be pardoned in exchange for his immediate resignation. King Caelian II reluctantly agreed because he thought Donnula's removal might end the crisis but also because he thought a trial of a sitting Procurator would be harmful to the state. In a brief televised address, Donnula announced his resignation effective at noon on 16 February. Critically, his resignation was not only as Procurator, but as member of the [[Concilium Daoni]], reducing his party's seat share by 1. The King followed with his own address, reassuring the nation that the Urcean system of governance would overcome this crisis. In addition to announcing the indefinite postponement of his coronation, Caelian II explained in brief terms how the nation would now be governed. The [[Concilium Purpaidá]] would continue to make the day-to-day administrative decisions necessary to run the country. However, it would now exercise the executive power of the [[Procurator]] collegially, with the body being temporarily chaired by Cassio Loughlin. As man with the largest plurality support in the Daoni, the King would appoint Loughlin as "special envoy of the King to the Privy Council" which would enable him to chair the body as an ex officio member. Although unspoken, it was understood to the ministers that consequential foreign policy decisions would be made now by the [[Apostolic King of UrceA|Apostolic King]] in consultation with the [[Ministry of State (Urcea)|State Minister]]. The King would also now retain the ability to make {{wp|recess appointments}} for functionally any public office that required Daoni approval; while he imposed this condition largely as an inducement for the Daoni to choose a leader, he would instead be called upon to make dozens of appointments during the crisis.


Loughlin hoped that a short period as de facto {{wp|head of government}} might strengthen his standing within the party. After two relatively stable weeks as temporary chairperson, Loughlin reconvened the Commonwealth Union's Daoni delegation on Thursday, 2 March. The party once again could not reach an agreement on a 250-seat basis, and many delegates boycotted the meeting on the basis that Loughlin was not officially party leader and could not summon the party's delegation.
Loughlin hoped that a short period as de facto {{wp|head of government}} might strengthen his standing within the party. After two relatively stable weeks as temporary chairperson, Loughlin reconvened the Commonwealth Union's Daoni delegation on Thursday, 2 March. The party once again could not reach an agreement on a 250-seat basis, and many delegates boycotted the meeting on the basis that Loughlin was not officially party leader and could not summon the party's delegation. After this meeting on 2 March, the affairs of the Purpaidá became extremely turbulent, and Loughlin effectively lost control of the body. The Purpaidá would only meet three more times during March, effectively leaving the country in the hands of the ministers individually.


==National Pact minority government attempt==
==National Pact minority government attempt==
As Loughlin's transition government lost cohesion, many commentators in Urcean society began to suggest that the Commonwealth Union, though a nominal majority in the Daoni, was completely unable to govern. The eyes of the public gradually shifted towards the minority [[National Pact (Urcea)|National Pact]]. Though it possessed only 221 seats, it technically controlled the plurality of the Daoni if one considered the Union to now be split between the Loughlin and Aedansson factions. Felix Finnean, leader of the Pact, privately began to lobby King Caelian II to ask him to form a minority government on 27 March. The King reluctantly began to lay the groundwork for doing so, and invited Finnean to the Julian Palace on 4 April for a private discussion on the matter. The King told Finnean that he would consent to the formation of a minority government, but only on the condition that Finnean received either a coalition agreement or a confidence-and-supply agreement from the [[Julian Party (Urcea)|Julian Party]]. The King's rationale is not entirely known, but many private diaries of palace officials from the period indicate his concern that, without at least the combined 243 seats of the two parties, it would be effectively impossible for the Pact to have a Chancellor maintain confidence or for the Purpaidá ministers to remain in place.
[[File:VP Agnew and Mayor Lindsay (cropped to Lindsay).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Felix Finnean, leader of the National Pact in the 1960s and 70s, attempted to break the crisis by forming a Pact-led minority government.]]
Finnean began a complex series of negotiations with the Julian Party's leader, Petrio Amphár, on 5 April. Amphár was a classic {{wp|throne-and-altar}} conservative that typified the historic position of the Julian Party, but he also believed in a degree of economic openness and deregulation, making him a natural choice for the National Pact to form an alliance with. Nevertheless, Amphár and Finnean disliked eachother personally, and negotiations on 5 April ended almost immediately due to a heated personal argument between the two men. The King summoned both men to the Palace on 8 April to resume negotiations. King Caelian II managed to get both men on speaking terms, but Amphár made new demands he would not budge from. He asked Finnean that he be given the office of [[Procurator]], and in exchange the Julians would give the Pact a formal coalition with no specific terms. Finnean rejected the offer outright. Not only was it considered to be a bad deal, but ideologically the Pact viewed the Julians as an enemy of the [[Constitution of Urcea|constitutional balance]] between the King and civil government, and he viewed giving them the office of Procurator could unbalance the constitution. Negotiations ended on 9 April. Knowing that he would not be able to get the King's consent to form a minority government in the Daoni, Finnean next lobbied the King to make him Procurator, a position from which Finnean argued he could leverage to build a national unity government in the Daoni. The King did not refuse this offer outright, but instead contemplated the merits of the argument and also wondered if he could instead arrange a different coalition government.
==King appoints Procurator==
King Caelian II's view of the crisis had been changed by Finnean's efforts, though not in the way that the National Pact leader intended. Through the beginning of April, it was assumed that the office of Procurator would be filled by whomever the Daoni had confidence in to elect as Chancellor. However, Caelian was convinced that choosing a Procurator would be a powerful tool in breaking the deadlock. The King considered appointing Finnean but was convinced by several palace officials to instead appoint Petrio Amphár. The logic behind choosing Amphár was threefold. First, as leader of the Julian Party, Amphár would be unimpeachably loyality, allowing the King to influence him in the formation of a government. Second, the Julian Party's 22 seats would likely be the decider in the formation of a government (normal or minority), and empowering Amphár made him more likely to agree to form a government. Third, as the leader of a small third party, Amphár was largely considered to be neutral in the divide between the major two parties, making him broadly acceptable to serve as caretaker Procurator through the end of [[1970]]. The King made the decision on 14 April but waited until 19 April to formally make the appointment, as he waited for constitutional lawyers to confirm his ability to make a recess appointment of a Procurator on his own authority. Once the legal scholars confirmed his ability to do so, the King appeared on national television at 6 PM on 19 April announcing the appointment. Amphár was made aware that he was going to be appointed but was unsure when, finding out about the appointment on television with the rest of the public.
At midnight on 20 April [[1967]], Petrio Amphár became Procurator, displacing the ad hoc Purpaidá executive that was nonfunctional for over a month. Amphár immediately set to work restoring basic government control over foreign policy, using the [[Treasury Ambassador Service]] to conduct Urcea's relations abroad. On 22 April, he had his first formal audience with the King and the two men discussed a strategy to end the crisis. They determined to invite National Pact leader Felix Finnean and Commonwealth Union delegate Thorpe Aedansson, but not Cassio Loughlin, to the Palace to discuss the formation of a government.
==Julian Palace accords==
==Julian Palace accords==
==King appoints Procurator==
National Pact leader Felix Finnean and Commonwealth Union factional leader Thorpe Aedansson arrived at the [[Julian Palace]] on 24 April with instruction to pack enough personal belongings; they would be lodging in the Palace's apartments until an agreement was reached. King Caelian II and Procurator Petrio Amphár began discussions with both men that evening about the form and shape of the next Urcean government. The basic framework was hashed out that, between the Julian Party, National Pact, and the Aedansson faction, enough delegates would be in place to reach the needed 250 number through {{wp|confidence and supply}}. The three political leaders agreed on the premise of no current Ministers and no 1956 Ministers in the [[Concilium Purpaidá]]. With a framework for government in place, the remaining question was which party would form the government and which would be required to offer confidence and supply. With a larger number of delegates, Finnean argued the Pact should take the lead. Aedansson, meanwhile, argued that the electorate had chosen the Union by a majority in the 1965 election and that changing course now would not only invite policy chaos, but would run completely contrary to the will of the voters. Unlike the previous Amphár-Finnean negotiations, these were calm but cool and characterized by a mutual dislike between all three parties. On Amphár's part, the Julian Party generally and Amphár personally found the [[Urlazio Synod]] affair to be a deep betrayal of Urcean values and thus found the Union to be stained by its association with the matter. On the other hand, the more stringent anti-monarchical tendency of the National Pact and Amphár's personal loathing of Finnean made it distasteful to allow them to form a government. Negotiations continued until 29 April, when the King said all arguments have been made and that the three men should go home and consider their options.
 
==End of crisis==
==End of crisis==
On 2 May 1967, the three men reconvened at the [[Julian Palace]]. [[Procurator]] Petrio Amphár announced that the Julian Party would back the [[Commonwealth Union (Urcea)|Commonwealth Union]] faction led by Thorpe Aedansson. Between that faction and the Julian Party were about 240 or so delegates, requiring confidence and supply from the National Pact. Felix Finnean told his two colleagues and the King that he would need a day to consider. Not wanting to let Finnean consider not agreeing to it, the King reportedly suggested to Amphár to offer him personally a seat in the [[Concilium Purpaidá]]. Amphár made the offer, and Finnean accepted on the condition he would become the next [[Ministry of Commerce (Urcea)|Minister of Commerce]]. Given his own fiscal conservative leanings, Amphár readily accepted. Aedansson next required convincing, as ceding this Ministry to the Pact would essentially hand domestic economic policy to the National Pact. Ultimately, the King managed to convince Aedansson that putting aside partisan concerns was in the national interest. The three men agreed to the arrangement near midnight on 2 May.
[[File:Malcolm Wilson (NY).png|thumb|left|200px|The appointment of Petrio Amphár as Procurator began the process which ended the crisis.]]
On the morning of 3 May, Petrio Amphár convened a special meeting of the [[Concilium Daoni]] to elect a Chancellor. The Daoni met for the first time since 15 February. As per the agreement, most of the Commonwealth Union, all of the Julian Party, and about ten senior retiring members of the National Pact voted to elect Thorpe Aedansson as [[Chancellor and Temporary President]]. The Daoni then proceeded to pass no-confidence motions against all of the sitting members of the Concilium Purpaidá and vote in new appointees, consisting of about half and half Union-Julian appointees with Felix Finnean as Minister of Commerce.
==Aftermath==
The remaining term of the Aedansson government was largely hamstrung in domestic policy due to differences of ideology between the Procurator and Minister of Commerce on one hand and the Chancellor on the other. Accordingly, the government focused on foreign affairs. The signature achievement of the Amphár Procuratorship was to intervene in [[Operation Kipling]] on [[Burgundie]]'s behalf, a move that purportedly would strengthen the nascent [[Levantine Union]].
In the 1970 Urcean elections, the Commonwealth Union lost 40 seats, giving the National Pact a majority for the first time in decades. Felix Finnean completed his term as Minister of Commerce on 31 December 1970 and was sworn in the next day as [[Procurator]] and [[Chancellor and Temporary President]]. During his term, he would make prosecuting senior Union leaders affiliated with the [[Urlazio Synod]] affair a top priority during the first several years of his administration. The investigation and special prosecutors failed to come up with charges and the matter was dropped by Finnean's government in [[1974]] to significant controversy among the National Pact's base. Finnean would negotiate a withdrawal from Urcea's involvement in Kipling, also controversial, as well as a minor recession in [[1973]]. In the 1975 Urcean elections, Thorpe Aedansson would return to power as both Procurator and as Chancellor and Temporary President, narrowly defeating Finnean and the Pact in both races and having just 252 seats in the Daoni. In both 1970 and 1975, any remaining Donnula loyalists were defeated or lost in primary elections, allowing Aedansson to form a majority without the need for any other party.
The handling of the crisis would be arguably the signature accomplishment of the reign of King Caelian II. Months after its conclusion, on 4 August 1968, the King would announce that he had terminal lung cancer and did not expect to reach the age of 70. Caelian II reigned a total of four and a half years, passing away on 3 October 1971 during the Finnean administration.
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