Phillipe d'Everard (paleontologist): Difference between revisions
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d'Everard was a prodigious writer, with 1,400 papers published over his lifetime. A lifelong and highly dedicated field worker, d'Everard died suddenly from complications associated with {{wpl|pneumonia}} 72 years old on February 2, 1938 in [[Lariana]], [[Talionia]], while leading a paleontological expedition. His proposal for the origin of mammalian molars is notable among his theoretical contributions. "d'Everard's rule", however, the hypothesis that mammalian lineages gradually grow larger over geologic time, while named after him, is "neither explicit nor implicit" in his work.<ref>Fürster, Johann: ''Mammalian derivation of the Permian period'', pg. 11-14. 1999.</ref> | d'Everard was a prodigious writer, with 1,400 papers published over his lifetime. A lifelong and highly dedicated field worker, d'Everard died suddenly from complications associated with {{wpl|pneumonia}} 72 years old on February 2, 1938 in [[Lariana]], [[Talionia]], while leading a paleontological expedition. His proposal for the origin of mammalian molars is notable among his theoretical contributions. "d'Everard's rule", however, the hypothesis that mammalian lineages gradually grow larger over geologic time, while named after him, is "neither explicit nor implicit" in his work.<ref>Fürster, Johann: ''Mammalian derivation of the Permian period'', pg. 11-14. 1999.</ref> | ||
The | The [[joanusaurid]] dinosaur ''[[Everardtadens]]'' and ceratopsian dinosaur ''[[Everardceratops]]'' are both named in honour of d'Everard. His son was the [[Marshal of Yonderre]] [[Rachet d'Everard]] (1903-1997) and his only daughter the acclaimed ballet dancer [[Sophie d'Everard]] (1907-2002). | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
===Early life, education and first expeditions=== | ===Early life, education and first expeditions=== | ||
Phillipe Edmond d'Everard was born on October 22, 1865, as the eldest son of famed physicist [[Rachet d'Everard (physicist)|Rachet d'Everard]] (1838–1922) and his wife Sophie, née d'Auguste (1843–1940). Phillipe harboured a strong interest in natural science from an early age and kept several exotic animals as pets. He attended a private Catholic boys school in [[Sainte-Catherine]] operated by the [[Prokopites|Order of St. Prokop]]. He explored pits and quarries in the surrounding areas, discovering ammonites, shells of sea urchins, fish bones, coral, and worn-out remains of dead animals. Reaching 18 years of age, d'Everard served his conscription with the [[11th Infantry Division (Yonderre)|11th Infantry Division]] of the [[Yonderian Defence Force]] from 1883-84 during which time he was known to his comrades as "Eddie" due to there being five men named Phillipe in his company. | Phillipe Edmond d'Everard was born on October 22, 1865, as the eldest son of famed physicist [[Rachet d'Everard (physicist)|Rachet d'Everard]] (1838–1922) and his wife Sophie, née d'Auguste (1843–1940). Phillipe harboured a strong interest in natural science from an early age and kept several exotic animals as pets. He attended a private Catholic boys school in [[Sainte-Catherine]] operated by the [[Prokopites|Order of St. Prokop]]. He explored pits and quarries in the surrounding areas, discovering ammonites, shells of sea urchins, fish bones, coral, and worn-out remains of dead animals. Reaching 18 years of age, d'Everard served his conscription with the [[11th Infantry Division (Yonderre)|11th Infantry Division]] of the [[Yonderian Defence Force]] from 1883-84 during which time he was known to his comrades as "Eddie" due to there being five men named Phillipe in his company. | ||
Returning from the army, d'Everard enrolled with the [[University of Collinebourg]] studying biology from 1884-89. One of d'Everard's courses was taught by paleontologist [[Thibaut d'Avignon]] who had described ''[[Joanusaurus]]'' a few years prior. d'Everard was invited to partake in digs in the field seasons of 1887-92 under d'Avignon's supervision. d'Everard partook in the 1891 and 1892 excavations in [[Vollardie]] that led to the discovery of the most complete ''[[Vollardisaurus]]'' skeletons known at the time. d'Everard returned to the [[University of Collinebourg]] in 1892 to work on his thesis, published in 1895 as "''Evolutionary development and traits in derived | Returning from the army, d'Everard enrolled with the [[University of Collinebourg]] studying biology from 1884-89. One of d'Everard's courses was taught by paleontologist [[Thibaut d'Avignon]] who had described ''[[Joanusaurus]]'' a few years prior. d'Everard was invited to partake in digs in the field seasons of 1887-92 under d'Avignon's supervision. d'Everard partook in the 1891 and 1892 excavations in [[Vollardie]] that led to the discovery of the most complete ''[[Vollardisaurus]]'' skeletons known at the time. d'Everard returned to the [[University of Collinebourg]] in 1892 to work on his thesis, published in 1895 as "''Evolutionary development and traits in derived Joanusaurids''".<ref>d'Everard, Phillipe E.: ''Evolutionary development and traits in derived Joanusaurids'', [[University of Collinebourg]]. 1895.</ref> | ||
===Discovery of Caphirosaurus, First Great War and professorate=== | ===Discovery of Caphirosaurus, First Great War and professorate=== | ||
[[File:Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert at Tutankhamen's tomb.jpg|thumb|Phillipe d'Everard (right) with [[Thibault d'Avignon]] (left) and Marie d'Avignon in [[Serracene]], 1902]] | [[File:Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn Herbert at Tutankhamen's tomb.jpg|thumb|Phillipe d'Everard (right) with [[Thibault d'Avignon]] (left) and Marie d'Avignon in [[Serracene]], 1902]] | ||
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Based on his newest finds from [[Serracene]], d'Everard was able to complete and publish his description of the new theropod which he named ''[[Caphirosaurus|Caphirosaurus imperator]]''. Based on his finds from 1900 and 1902, d'Everard also reclassified shed teeth discovered by [[Thibault d'Avignon|d'Avignon]] in 1874 and Krankos' post cranial elements from 1894 as being ''[[Caphirosaurus]]'' remains. The generic name is derived from the name of the country in which it was discovered, Caphiria, and the Istroyan word σαῦρος (sauros, meaning "lizard"). d'Everard used the Latin word ''imperator'', meaning "emperor", for the specific name. The full binomial therefore translates to "Caphirian lizard emperor" or "Emperor Lizard of Caphiria", emphasizing the animal's size and perceived dominance over other species of the time.<ref>d'Everard, Phillipe E.: ''The Emperor Lizard of Caphiria - Caphirosaurus imperator'', [[University of Collinebourg]]. 1902.</ref> The paper and subsequent press conference and lectures received substantial press coverage, much more so than before seen in paleontology, and is credited by many to have elevated the world of paleontology from academia to the public eye.<ref>Balboa, Maximus: ''A comprehensive history of paleontology'', pg. 5-9 + 54-59. 2004.</ref> | Based on his newest finds from [[Serracene]], d'Everard was able to complete and publish his description of the new theropod which he named ''[[Caphirosaurus|Caphirosaurus imperator]]''. Based on his finds from 1900 and 1902, d'Everard also reclassified shed teeth discovered by [[Thibault d'Avignon|d'Avignon]] in 1874 and Krankos' post cranial elements from 1894 as being ''[[Caphirosaurus]]'' remains. The generic name is derived from the name of the country in which it was discovered, Caphiria, and the Istroyan word σαῦρος (sauros, meaning "lizard"). d'Everard used the Latin word ''imperator'', meaning "emperor", for the specific name. The full binomial therefore translates to "Caphirian lizard emperor" or "Emperor Lizard of Caphiria", emphasizing the animal's size and perceived dominance over other species of the time.<ref>d'Everard, Phillipe E.: ''The Emperor Lizard of Caphiria - Caphirosaurus imperator'', [[University of Collinebourg]]. 1902.</ref> The paper and subsequent press conference and lectures received substantial press coverage, much more so than before seen in paleontology, and is credited by many to have elevated the world of paleontology from academia to the public eye.<ref>Balboa, Maximus: ''A comprehensive history of paleontology'', pg. 5-9 + 54-59. 2004.</ref> | ||
d'Everard continued to teach extinct zoology at the [[University of Collinebourg]], giving lectures, teaching classes and performing presentations of new species he described. d'Everard organized several student digs in [[Yonderre]] throughout the 1900s and 10s, particularly to the mountains of [[Vollardie]], from which numerous extinct species of amphibians and fish were discovered as well as some new dinosaurs like the Compsognathid ''[[Coopgnathus]]'' and early | d'Everard continued to teach extinct zoology at the [[University of Collinebourg]], giving lectures, teaching classes and performing presentations of new species he described. d'Everard organized several student digs in [[Yonderre]] throughout the 1900s and 10s, particularly to the mountains of [[Vollardie]], from which numerous extinct species of amphibians and fish were discovered as well as some new dinosaurs like the Compsognathid ''[[Coopgnathus]]'' and early ceratopsian ''[[Avonceratops]]''. | ||
===Iscastan expeditions and 1920s=== | ===Iscastan expeditions and 1920s=== | ||
d'Everard finally returned to [[Caphiria]] in 1919 to continue his field work in [[Sarpedon]]. In June of 1919, the expedition led by d'Everard uncovered remains of ''[[Joanusaurus]]'' in the Aravera mountains of the [[Caphiria|Caphirian]] province [[Iscasta]], the first find of ''[[Joannusaurus]]'' outside [[Levantia]]. d'Everard initially viewed the specimen as a subadult ''J. davignoni'', but upon closer inspection it was recategorized as a new subspecies, ''J. iscastae''. ''J. iscastae'' differs from ''J. davignoni'' by its longer snout and smaller physical stature, findings that d'Everard published in his December of 1919 monograph "''Caphirian Joanusaurs''".<ref>d'Everard, Phillipe E.: ''Caphirian Joanusaurs'', [[University of Collinebourg]]. 1919.</ref> Based on scholarly consensus and the somewhat limited knowledge of paleobiology and paleodiversity in late-Jurassic and early Cretaceous [[Sarpedon]] (as part of [[Sarpolevantia]]), d'Everard surmised that ''Joanusaurs'' were probably apex predators in present day [[Caphiria]] such as they had been shown to be in and around the [[Greater Levantine Formation]]. | d'Everard finally returned to [[Caphiria]] in 1919 to continue his field work in [[Sarpedon]]. In June of 1919, the expedition led by d'Everard uncovered remains of ''[[Joanusaurus]]'' in the Aravera mountains of the [[Caphiria|Caphirian]] province [[Iscasta]], the first find of ''[[Joannusaurus]]'' outside [[Levantia]]. d'Everard initially viewed the specimen as a subadult ''J. davignoni'', but upon closer inspection it was recategorized as a new subspecies, ''J. iscastae''. ''J. iscastae'' differs from ''J. davignoni'' by its longer snout and smaller physical stature, findings that d'Everard published in his December of 1919 monograph "''Caphirian Joanusaurs''".<ref>d'Everard, Phillipe E.: ''Caphirian Joanusaurs'', [[University of Collinebourg]]. 1919.</ref> Based on scholarly consensus and the somewhat limited knowledge of paleobiology and paleodiversity in late-Jurassic and early Cretaceous [[Sarpedon]] (as part of [[Sarpolevantia]]), d'Everard surmised that ''Joanusaurs'' were probably apex predators in present day [[Caphiria]] such as they had been shown to be in and around the [[Greater Levantine Formation]]. | ||
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Phillipe d'Everard married the eleven years younger Hedvig Schmidt (1876-1962), a [[Toubourg]] native, in 1894. The couple had three children, [[Marshal of Yonderre]] [[Rachet d'Everard]] (1903-1997), ballet dancer [[Sophie d'Everard]] (1907-2002) and the stillborn Killian d'Everard (1909). When not on expeditions, the d'Everards lived chiefly in the [[d'Everard Bourg]] in [[Sainte-Catherine]], although Phillipe frequently spent nights in dormitories provided by the [[University of Collinebourg]] during his professorate. | Phillipe d'Everard married the eleven years younger Hedvig Schmidt (1876-1962), a [[Toubourg]] native, in 1894. The couple had three children, [[Marshal of Yonderre]] [[Rachet d'Everard]] (1903-1997), ballet dancer [[Sophie d'Everard]] (1907-2002) and the stillborn Killian d'Everard (1909). When not on expeditions, the d'Everards lived chiefly in the [[d'Everard Bourg]] in [[Sainte-Catherine]], although Phillipe frequently spent nights in dormitories provided by the [[University of Collinebourg]] during his professorate. | ||
==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
[[File:Piatnitzkysaurus.jpg|thumb|Mounted ''[[Everardtadens]]'', a | [[File:Piatnitzkysaurus.jpg|thumb|Mounted ''[[Everardtadens]]'', a [[joanusaurid]] dinosaur named efter d'Everard]] | ||
In fewer than 55 years as a scientist, d'Everard published over 1,400 scientific papers, a record that is rivaled by few other scientists. Having discovered and described more than 200 extinct lifeforms, d'Everard bears the monicker "father of paleontology" in academic circles.<ref>Critique of d'Everard's proposed taxonomy disputes his official total of 243.</ref><ref>Balboa, Maximus: ''A comprehensive history of paleontology'', pg. 3-6. 2004.</ref> Although d'Everard is chiefly known as a paleontologist having discovered at least 56 new dinosaur species, his contributions extended to ichthyology and herpetology, in which he catalogued 300 species of fishes and described over 300 species of reptiles over three decades. | In fewer than 55 years as a scientist, d'Everard published over 1,400 scientific papers, a record that is rivaled by few other scientists. Having discovered and described more than 200 extinct lifeforms, d'Everard bears the monicker "father of paleontology" in academic circles.<ref>Critique of d'Everard's proposed taxonomy disputes his official total of 243.</ref><ref>Balboa, Maximus: ''A comprehensive history of paleontology'', pg. 3-6. 2004.</ref> Although d'Everard is chiefly known as a paleontologist having discovered at least 56 new dinosaur species, his contributions extended to ichthyology and herpetology, in which he catalogued 300 species of fishes and described over 300 species of reptiles over three decades. | ||
"d'Everard's rule", suggesting that mammalian lineages gradually grow larger over geologic time, while named after him, is "neither explicit nor implicit" in his work according to modern paleontologists.<ref>Fürster, Johann: ''Mammalian derivation of the Permian period'', pg. 11-14. 1999.</ref> | "d'Everard's rule", suggesting that mammalian lineages gradually grow larger over geologic time, while named after him, is "neither explicit nor implicit" in his work according to modern paleontologists.<ref>Fürster, Johann: ''Mammalian derivation of the Permian period'', pg. 11-14. 1999.</ref> | ||
The | The [[joanusaurid]] dinosaur ''[[Everardtadens]]'' and ceratopsian dinosaur ''[[Everardceratops]]'' are both named in honour of d'Everard, as are the specific names of several species of salamanders and amphibians. The ''[[Testudosaurus]]'' discovered by d'Everard's team in [[Talionia]] in 1937 is nicknamed "Phillipe" after him. | ||
The [[Primo Kino]] movie ''[[Swallowing Dust]]'' from 2008 is a dramatization of d'Everard's final expedition to [[Talionia]], with [[Jean-Yves Forvert]] playing the role of d'Everard. | The [[Primo Kino]] movie ''[[Swallowing Dust]]'' from 2008 is a dramatization of d'Everard's final expedition to [[Talionia]], with [[Jean-Yves Forvert]] playing the role of d'Everard. | ||