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The Cape: Difference between revisions
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|alt_coat = <!--alt text for coat of arms--> | |alt_coat = <!--alt text for coat of arms--> | ||
|symbol_type = Coat of arms | |symbol_type = Coat of arms | ||
|national_motto = '' | |national_motto = ''Soberania pertes incondicionala a povo!''<br>{{small|"Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the people!"}} | ||
|englishmotto = | |englishmotto = | ||
|national_anthem = ''Levante a Standart''<br>{{small|"Raise the Banner"}}<br>[[File:Media Player.png|link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29to5lIFUb4]] | |national_anthem = ''Levante a Standart''<br>{{small|"Raise the Banner"}}<br>[[File:Media Player.png|link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29to5lIFUb4]] | ||
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Throughout history, those Indigenous societies became increasingly complex. By Occidental colonization, many cultures included permanent settlements, hierarchical states, and advanced agricultural techniques. Although it is difficult to estimate the Indigenous population of the Cape at the time of Occidental colonization, the generally accepted number is between 700,000 and 4 million; with the modern Federacy's [[Executive of Culture (the Cape)|Executive of Culture]] recognizing a figure of 2.4 million. | Throughout history, those Indigenous societies became increasingly complex. By Occidental colonization, many cultures included permanent settlements, hierarchical states, and advanced agricultural techniques. Although it is difficult to estimate the Indigenous population of the Cape at the time of Occidental colonization, the generally accepted number is between 700,000 and 4 million; with the modern Federacy's [[Executive of Culture (the Cape)|Executive of Culture]] recognizing a figure of 2.4 million. | ||
Initial contact between Occidental settlers and the various Indigenous states and commonwealths was relatively peaceful | Initial contact between Occidental settlers and the various Indigenous states and commonwealths was relatively peaceful. Those of Indigenous mixed descent played a vital role in establishing Kiravian colonies and trade connections. Indigenous relations with [[Kiravian Capetians]] remained strong until independence. However, conflict quickly arose with the Cartadanian settlers, who, starting in the 18th century, began to conquer Indigenous states and attempted to assimilate them into their culture. Such actions reached a peak before the War of Independence, with forced integrations and deportations. | ||
===Occidental colonization=== | ===Occidental colonization=== | ||
[[File:Viking at MN Capitol.jpg|thumb| | [[File:Viking at MN Capitol.jpg|thumb|220px|The restored Marble Emperor statue in Cape Town.]] | ||
The first documented arrival of Occidentals in the Cape was on Christmas of 1612, by Cartadanian {{wp|conquistadors}}. In 1616, Kiravian explorers arrived, erecting a crude effigy of the [[Marble Emperor]] on the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula and declaring the establishment of [[Cape Town]]. Settlers to the “city” would only truly arrive a decade later. Cartadanian settlers established the permanent settlement of [[Sao Suro]] in 1621. These two cities would serve as the heart of the Cape’s fur and gold trades and soon became the respective capitals of Kiravia’s [[Cape Colony]] and Cartadania’s [[Natalia|Natalia Colony]]. Skirmishes would break out between the two colonies in the 1670s, culminating in the [[Great Beaver War]], fought over | The first documented arrival of Occidentals in the Cape was on Christmas of 1612, by Cartadanian {{wp|conquistadors}}. In 1616, Kiravian explorers arrived, erecting a crude effigy of the [[Marble Emperor]] on the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula and declaring the establishment of [[Cape Town]]. Settlers to the “city” would only truly arrive a decade later. Cartadanian settlers established the permanent settlement of [[Sao Suro]] in 1621. These two cities would serve as the heart of the Cape’s fur and gold trades and soon became the respective capitals of Kiravia’s [[Cape Colony]] and Cartadania’s [[Natalia|Natalia Colony]]. Skirmishes would break out between the two colonies in the 1670s, culminating in the [[Great Beaver War]], fought over to control the fur trade and the Indigenous states surrounding the colonies. | ||
[[File:William John Huggins - The East Indiamen ‚Lowther Castle‘, off Table Bay, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|left| | [[File:William John Huggins - The East Indiamen ‚Lowther Castle‘, off Table Bay, Cape Town.jpg|thumb|left|220px|The East Oriental, off the coast of Cape Town, 1771.]] | ||
Fleeing turmoil in the nascent [[Cartadanian Republic]], much of Cartadania’s wealthy left for Natalia. A coup, led by the newly-arrived upper class, took place in 1697 during the republic’s tumultuous [[Ano Roxo|Red Year]]. This coup deposed the former colonial administration for an oligarchic | Fleeing turmoil in the nascent [[Cartadanian Republic]], much of Cartadania’s wealthy left for Natalia. A coup, led by the newly-arrived upper class, took place in 1697 during the republic’s tumultuous [[Ano Roxo|Red Year]]. This coup deposed the former colonial administration for an oligarchic corporate administration. The 17th century would see a ''de-facto'' independent Natalia annex the Indigenous statelets surrounding it in the [[Cahokian Wars]]; first subjugating, then assimilating the Indigenous people. Such acts came to the chagrin of the new [[Cartadania|Federative Republic of Cartadania]], although any solid police action was found unfeasible by the new [[National Congress (Cartadania)|Cartadanian Congress]]. | ||
New arrivals from Kiravia, largely lower-class, peasant farmers and middle-class merchants, settled Cape Colony starting in the 1700s. Throughout the 18th century, Cape Town became an important trading port for the [[Alshar]] spice trade | New arrivals from Kiravia, largely lower-class, peasant farmers and middle-class merchants, settled Cape Colony starting in the 1700s. Throughout the 18th century, Cape Town became an important trading port for the [[Alshar]] spice trade and the gateway to Crona's abundant gold, resource, and fur trade. Some of the earliest mixed-race communities developed during that time in Cape Town. Relations between Cape Colony and the surrounding Indigenous peoples were relatively cordial compared to their relations with the Natalia colony. However, they were likewise annexed to halt the growth of the Natalian sphere of influence through the [[Treaties of 1792]], which granted Kiravia control over their foreign policies. | ||
Despite continuous immigration, by the 1870s, only a | Despite continuous immigration, by the 1870s, only a tiny minority of Cape Colony’s population had been born overseas. Such distance from [[Great Kirav]] allowed the development of a unique, Capetian culture and self-governance measures. At the same time, the situation in Natalia became untenable - by the 1880s, the colony’s working-class and Indigenous populations were soon on the brink of open revolution. | ||
===Independence and confederation=== | ===Independence and confederation=== | ||
{{Multiple image | |||
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| width = 220 | |||
| image1 = Kuvva-i Milliye millitias, 1919.png | |||
| caption1 = [[National Revolutionary Army]] fighters, 1887. | |||
| image2 = Opening of the Grand National Assembly, 23 April 1920.jpg | |||
| caption2 = The opening of the first convocation of the National Parliament, 1888. | |||
}} | |||
The [[Praça da Colônia massacre]] (1886) in Natalia, where thousands of Indigenous and working-class protestors were shot dead by government forces, prompted the establishment of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) - whose chapters quickly popped up across both colonies. Under [[Melvyn Kalma]], a prominent advocate for independence and decorated former general in the [[Kiravian Foreign Legion]], a [[Capetian War of Independence|War of Independence]] was waged starting March of 1887 to overthrow both colonial governments and to unite the peninsula under a new state. | The [[Praça da Colônia massacre]] (1886) in Natalia, where thousands of Indigenous and working-class protestors were shot dead by government forces, prompted the establishment of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) - whose chapters quickly popped up across both colonies. Under [[Melvyn Kalma]], a prominent advocate for independence and decorated former general in the [[Kiravian Foreign Legion]], a [[Capetian War of Independence|War of Independence]] was waged starting March of 1887 to overthrow both colonial governments and to unite the peninsula under a new state. | ||
By June of 1887, following major uprisings in Cape Town, Kiravia exited the Cape. The NRA’s provisional government was recognized provided the new state remained a Kiravian ally and allowed the continuation of Kiravian trade. The transition of statehood from Cape Colony to the [[Capetian Provisional Government]] was formalized on June 22, 1887. By 1888, Natalia’s Indigenous population was in open revolt, with | By June of 1887, following major uprisings in Cape Town, Kiravia exited the Cape. The NRA’s provisional government was recognized provided the new state remained a Kiravian ally and allowed the continuation of Kiravian trade. The transition of statehood from Cape Colony to the [[Capetian Provisional Government]] was formalized on June 22, 1887. By 1888, Natalia’s Indigenous population was in open revolt, with most local chiefs and leaders pledging allegiance to the NRA. “Liberating the peoples of Natalia” became official policy at the first convocation of the [[National Parliament (the Cape)|National Parliament]]. The invasion of Natalia would conclude in February of 1891. On October 7, the newly formed Federacy of the Cape was declared the successor state to both Cape Colony and Natalia, with Melvyn Kalma serving as the first [[Prime Executive of the Cape|Prime Executive]]. | ||
[[File: | [[File:Atatürk silindir şapka, frak ve İstiklâl Madalyası ile bir törende, 1925.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Melvyn Kalma]], the first Prime Executive of the Cape.]] | ||
Kalma subsequently introduced many [[Restarkism|reforms]], such as {{wp|secularism|secularizing}} the state, establishing a period of redress for the Indigenous peoples, and instituting industrializing reforms with the goal of transforming the Cape into a modern, Occidental {{wp|nation state}}, governed as a {{wp|constitutional republic}} with a secular {{wp|constitution}}. To this end, the political activities of the NRA were separated into the civilian [[Republican Nationalist Party]] - which was to govern the country under a {{wp|one-party state|single-party period}} of tutelage until such reforms were complete. Following the establishment of the Federacy, certain groups in the former Natalia, both upper and working-class, became discontent with Kalma's reforms. Anti-secularist and anti-tutelage/pro-democracy (the [[Kadets Rebellion]]) revolts broke out in 1897 and 1911, respectively, which were suppressed with military force. | Kalma subsequently introduced many [[Restarkism|reforms]], such as {{wp|secularism|secularizing}} the state, establishing a period of redress for the Indigenous peoples, and instituting industrializing reforms with the goal of transforming the Cape into a modern, Occidental {{wp|nation state}}, governed as a {{wp|constitutional republic}} with a secular {{wp|constitution}}. To this end, the political activities of the NRA were separated into the civilian [[Republican Nationalist Party]] - which was to govern the country under a {{wp|one-party state|single-party period}} of tutelage until such reforms were complete. Following the establishment of the Federacy, certain groups in the former Natalia, both upper and working-class, became discontent with Kalma's reforms. Anti-secularist and anti-tutelage/pro-democracy (the [[Kadets Rebellion]]) revolts broke out in 1897 and 1911, respectively, which were suppressed with military force. | ||
===20th century=== | ===20th century=== | ||
After Kalma’s death in 1922, the reformist-dominated RNP considered the Cape sufficiently developed to exit the period of political tutelage, beginning the first [[multi-party period of the Federacy of the Cape]]. Four major parties contested the 1924 elections: the [[Communist Party of the Cape (1924)|Communist Party]], the [[Kadets (the Cape)|Constitutional Democrats (Kadets)]], the {{wp|fascist|Levantine fascist}} [[Lusophone Worker’s Front]], and the Republican Nationalist Party. The RNP was controversially returned as the majority with a margin of barely one percent - with the months following being permeated with brutal street fighting between Republican, Kadet, Front, and Communist militias. The communist [[Makhi Anso]] was | |||
===Contemporary era=== | ===Contemporary era=== | ||
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==Administrative divisions== | ==Administrative divisions== | ||
==Politics and government== | ==Politics and government== | ||
The Federacy of the Cape is | [[File:Pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego i Armii Krajowej - 10.JPG|thumb|270px|The Houses of the [[National Stanera]].]] | ||
The Federacy of the Cape is a {{wp|federal state|federal}} {{wp|parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{wp|constitutional republic}}, comprised of seven provinces in a {{wp|symmetric federalism|symmetric federation}}. The Capetian political system operates under the 1951 [[Constitution of the Federacy of the Cape|Federal Constitution]], with the document’s [[Fundamental Statutes of the Constitution of the Federacy of the Cape|Fundamental Statutes]] - the articles concerning the [[Restarkism|national-republican]] system, fundamental {{wp|human rights|rights}}, the {{wp|common law}} system, and the {{wp|rule of law}} - held as invoiable. | |||
Since the 1980s, the Cape has been fundamentally structured as a {{wp|multi-party system|multi-party}} {{wp|parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{wp|representative democracy}}. The {{wp|bicameral system|bicameral}} [[National Parliament (the Cape)|National Parliament]], comprised of the 503-member [[National Stanera]] and the 28-member [[National Auditorium]], serves as the country’s {{wp|legislature}}; and holds {{wp|Parliamentary sovereignty|primacy}} over the other branches of the federal government. The President, the {{wp|head of state}}, appoints the leader of the largest party in the National Stanera to the position of [[Prime Executive of the Cape|Prime Executive]], who serves as the {{wp|head of government}} for a renewable 4-year term. The [[Supreme Tribunal of the Federacy]] serves as the nation’s {{wp|supreme court}}, with the powers to interpret laws and to mediate disputes. | |||
{{wp|Universal suffrage}} for all races and genders has been in place without interruption since 1924; all Capetian citizens aged 18 or above are granted the right to vote. The Supreme Tribunal of the Federacy holds the power to ban or censure political parties which it deems to violate the Fundamental Statutes of the Constitution. | |||
===Politics=== | |||
The [[Republican Nationalist Party]] has been the {{wp|dominant-party system|dominant party}} in Capetian politics since 1951. Although it is no longer the only legal party and now competes with other parties - namely the [[Kadets (the Cape)|Constitutional Democrats]], the [[Humanists - Social Democrats]], and the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Cape)|Liberal Democratic Party]] on a nominally equal footing, the RNP has continued to win large majorities in every election and has ruled uninterrupted since democratization. | |||
The {{wp|big-tent}} RNP continues to maintain its “mass-movement” resources cultivated during the single-party period, for example, through its massive membership, control of the nation’s [[Association of Republican Labour|largest labour union]], and the practising of intra-party democracy through its nationwide open {{wp|primary election}}s. In the past 30 years, the party has become divided between multiple [[Republican Nationalist Party|factions]]; each catering to a separate segment of the big-tent. | |||
Since the founding of the republic, the dominant political current in Capetian politics has been [[Restarkism]] - support for Kalma’s reforms. Restarkists support a form of {{wp|nationalist}} {{wp|democracy}} with a {{wp|secular}} constitution and an Occidental, {{wp|liberal}} culture, while maintaining the necessity of state intervention in the economy and the state provision of basic services. Restarkism remains the country’s constitutional guiding ideology; with the [[Cape Armed Forces|armed forces]] having intervened in its defense multiple times, most recently in [[2021 Cape coup d'état|2021]]. | |||
===Foreign relations=== | ===Foreign relations=== | ||
===Military=== | ===Military=== | ||