Gamma

This article is about the Greek letter Gamma Γ (and γ) as used in various fields. For the Latin forms like Ɣ see Gamma § Phonetic transcription. For other uses, see Gamma (disambiguation).

The alphabet on black-figure pottery with a lambda-shaped gamma

Gamma Template:IPAc-en (uppercase Template:Script/Greek, lowercase Template:Script/Greek; Greek: γάμμα gámma) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. In Ancient Greek, the letter gamma represented a voiced velar stop /ɡ/. In Modern Greek, this letter represents either a voiced velar fricative or a voiced palatal fricative.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet and other modern Latin-alphabet based phonetic notations, it represents the voiced velar fricative.

History

Further information: History of the Greek alphabet

The Greek letter Gamma Γ was derived from the Phoenician letter for the /g/ phoneme (Template:Script/Phoenician gīml), and as such is cognate with Hebrew gimel ג.

Based on its name, the letter has been interpreted as an abstract representation of a camel's neck, but this has been criticized as contrived, and it is more likely that the letter is derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph representing a club or throwing stick.

In Archaic Greece, the shape of gamma was closer to a classical lambda (Λ), while lambda retained the Phoenician L-shape (Template:Script/Phoenician).

Letters that arose from the Greek gamma include Etruscan (Old Italic) 𐌂, Roman C and G, Runic kaunan Template:Script/Runic, Gothic geuua Template:Script/Gothic, the Coptic Ⲅ, and the Cyrillic letters Г and Ґ.

Greek phoneme

Further information: Ancient Greek phonology and Modern Greek phonology

The Ancient Greek /g/ phoneme was the voiced velar stop, continuing the reconstructed proto-Indo-European *g, *ǵ.

The modern Greek phoneme represented by gamma is realized either as a voiced palatal fricative (/ʝ/) before a front vowel (/e/, /i/), or as a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ in all other environments. Both in Ancient and in Modern Greek, before other velar consonants (κ, χ, ξ k, kh, ks), gamma represents a velar nasal /ŋ/. A double gamma γγ represents the sequence /ŋɡ/ (phonetically varying [ŋɡ~ɡ]) or /ŋɣ/.

Phonetic transcription

Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Orenstian Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants.

The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as Latin gamma, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character ɤ, which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel. In certain nonstandard variations of the IPA, the uppercase form is used.

It is as a full-fledged majuscule and minuscule letter in the alphabets of some of languages of Africa such as Dagbani, Dinka, Kabye, and Ewe, and Berber languages using the Berber Latin alphabet.

It is sometimes also used in the romanization of Pashto.

Mathematics and science

Lowercase

The lowercase letter <math>\gamma</math> is used as a symbol for:

• Chromatic number of in graph theory
• Gamma radiation in nuclear physics
• The photon, the elementary particle of light and other electromagnetic radiation
• Surface energy in materials science
• The Lorentz factor in the theory of relativity
• In mathematics, the lower incomplete gamma function
• The heat capacity ratio C_p/C_v in thermodynamics
• The activity coefficient in thermodynamics
• The gyromagnetic ratio in electromagnetism
• Gamma waves in neuroscience
• Gamma motor neurons in neuroscience
• A non-SI metric unit of measure of mass equal to one microgram (1 μg). This always-rare use is currently deprecated.
• A non-SI unit of measure of magnetic flux density, sometimes used in geophysics, equal to 1 nanotesla (nT).Template:Fact
• The power by which the luminance of an image is increased in gamma correction
• The Euler–Mascheroni constant
• In civil and mechanical engineering:
  • Specific weight
  • The shear rate of a fluid is represented by a lowercase gamma with a dot above it: <math> \dot \gamma </math>
  • Austenite (also known as γ-iron), a metallic non-magnetic allotrope or solid solution of iron.
• The gamma carbon, the third carbon attached to a functional group in organic chemistry and biochemistry; see Alpha and beta carbon

The lowercase Latin gamma ɣ can also be used in contexts (such as chemical or molecule nomenclature) where gamma must not be confused with the letter y, which can occur in some computer typefaces.

Uppercase

The uppercase letter <math>\Gamma</math> is used as a symbol for:

• In mathematics, the gamma function (usually written as <math>\Gamma</math>-function) is an extension of the factorial to complex numbers
• In mathematics, the upper incomplete gamma function
• The Christoffel symbols in differential geometry
• In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.
• Circulation in fluid mechanics
• As reflection coefficient in physics and electrical engineering
• The tape alphabet of a Turing machine
• The Feferman–Schütte ordinal <math>\Gamma_0</math>
• One of the Greeks in mathematical finance

Encoding

HTML

The HTML entities for uppercase and lowercase gamma are Γ and γ.

Unicode

• Greek Gamma

• Coptic Gamma

• Latin Gamma / phonetic Gamma

• CJK Square Gamma

• Technical / Mathematical Gamma

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

See also

• Г, г - Ge (Cyrillic)
• G, g - Latin