Coscivian civilisation: Difference between revisions

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{{MajorReconstruction}}
[[File:Mosaik 8483.jpg|thumb|200px|The four-pointed star, a recurring motif in early Cosco-Adratic art, has come to serve as the symbol of Coscivian civilisation.]]
[[File:Mosaik 8483.jpg|thumb|200px|The four-pointed star, a recurring motif in early Cosco-Adratic art, has come to serve as the symbol of Coscivian civilisation.]]
'''Coscivian civilisation''' is the heritage of values, norms, customs, ideas, social and political movements, and artifacts associated with the peoples of the continent of Éorsa. Coscivian civilisation spread beyond its home continent during the 9th and 10th centuries ''anno Domini'' to encompass new lands and peoples through migration, colonisation, cultural exchange, and assimilation, and today forms the dominant cultural paradigm in several nation-states, including [[Kiravia]] and [[Livensóla]], as well as the way of life of Coscivian minority and immigrant populations in many parts of the world, particularly [[Umcara]], where Coscivians comprise some 40% of the population.
'''Coscivian civilisation''' is the heritage of values, norms, customs, ideas, social and political movements, and artifacts associated with the. Coscivian civilisation spread beyond its home continent during the 9th and 10th centuries ''anno Domini'' to encompass new lands and peoples through migration, colonisation, cultural exchange, and assimilation, and today forms the dominant cultural paradigm in several nation-states, including [[Kiravia]] and [[Livensóla]], as well as the way of life of Coscivian minority and immigrant populations in many parts of the world, particularly [[Umcara]], where Coscivians comprise some 40% of the population.


Coscivian civilisation and a common Coscivian identity were consolidated under the First and Second Coscivian Empires that united the various peoples of Éorsa, who despite sharing certain ancestral, linguistic, and limited cultural affinities did not previously have any common consciousness, into a single overarching cultural and political system. This civilisation continued its independent social and technological development over the subsequent centuries, and remains a distinct, if comparatively minor, cultural sphere in the world today.
Coscivian civilisation and a common Coscivian identity were consolidated under a series of Coscivian Empires that united the various peoples of Great Kirav, who despite sharing certain ancestral, linguistic, and cultural affinities did not previously have any common consciousness, into a single overarching cultural and political system. This civilisation continued its independent social and technological development over the subsequent centuries, and remains a distinct, if comparatively minor, cultural sphere in the world today.


==People==
==People==
{{Infobox ethnic group
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Coscivian peoples<br>ՀոմՀսհսրո́շ
|group = Coscivian peoples<br>ꍞꎋꍹꅳꉊꋚ  ꑎꎏꐃ
|image = [[File:Christian Rohlfs Wanderer.jpg|250px]]
|image = [[File:Christian Rohlfs Wanderer.jpg|250px]]
|caption =
|caption =
|population = '''30 billion'''<br><small>approximate</small>
|population = '''3 trillion'''<br><small>approximate</small>
|region1 = [[File:KiravianFlag.png|25px]] [[Kiravian Federacy]]
|region1 = [[File:KiravianFlag.png|25px]] [[Kiravian Federacy]]
|pop1  = 18,945,000,000
|pop1  = 883,663,723
|region2 = [[File:Flag_of_Tuva.svg|25px]] [[Livensóla]]
|region2 = [[File:Flag of the Cape Republic.svg|25px]] [[the Cape]]
|pop2    = 6,122,000,000
|pop2    = XY,000,000
|region3 = [[File:Usna.png|25px]] [[Umcara]]
|region3 = [[File:Pauldustllahs flag1.png|25px]] [[Paulastra]]
|pop3    = 113,040,000
|pop3    = XY,000,000
|region4 = [[Carthinova]]
|region4 = [[File:Fh flag 2022.png|25px]] [[Faneria]]
|pop4    = 85,324,000
|pop4    = X,000,000
|region5 = [[File:HekuvianFlag.png|25px]] [[Hekuvia]]
|region5 = [[File:Flag of Caphiria (Small).png|25px]] [[Caphiria]]
|pop5    = ~51,000,000
|pop5    = ~51,000,000
|region6 = [[File:Flag_of_Cartadania.png|25px]] [[Cartadania]]
|region6 = [[File:Flag of Cartadania.svg|25px]] [[Cartadania]]
|pop6  = 21,174,000
|pop6  = 21,174,000
|region7  = [[File:RumeliFlag.png|25px]] [[Rumelistan]]
|region7 = {{flag|Tierrador}}
|pop7   = 11,291,540
|pop7  = 18,685,072
|region8 = [[File:Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg|25px]] Cærulean Archipelago
|region8 = [[File:Flag of Nizari Ismaili state (1090-1162).svg|25px]] [[Rumelistan]]
|pop8   = 619,000
|pop8   = 11,291,540
|langs = Cosco-Adratic languages<br>Elutic languages<br>Austroventic languages
|region9 = [[File:Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg|25px]] Cærulean Archipelago
|rels = '''Monotheism'''<br>{{wp|Christianity}}, Coscivian religions, Deism
|pop9   = 619,000
|langs = Cosco-Adratic languages<br>Elutic languages<br>Intheric languages
|rels = '''Monotheism'''<br>{{wp|Christianity}}, Coscivian religions, Islam, Deism
|related =
|related =
}}
}}


Coscivians are not a biological race, and do not constitute a single ethnic group. Communities living Coscivian culture come from disparate genetic, ethnic, linguistic, and national backgrounds, and usually have strong ethnic and communal identities nested within a broader Coscivian cultural identity. Nonetheless, the existence of a '''Coscivian people''' (''Koskiplānon'', ''Koskidérum'') is widely recognised both within and without the Coscivian world, and a {{wp|Meta-ethnicity|meta-ethnic}} Coscivian identity has existed since before the First Empire. How "Coscivians" and "Coscivian people" are defined can very greatly by context. In modern Western sources, terms such as "Coscivian people" or "ethnic Coscivians" most often refer to ''Éorsan people'' (see below).
The '''Coscivians''' or '''Coscivian peoples''' are a {{wp|Meta-ethnicity|meta-ethnicity}} comprised of the various ethnic groups that have been historically included in Coscivian civilisation and whose respective cultures draw on and contribute to the wider pan-Coscivian cultural complex. Coscivians are not a biological race, and do not constitute a single ethnic group. Communities living Coscivian culture come from disparate genetic, ethnic, linguistic, and national backgrounds, and usually have strong ethnic and communal identities nested within a broader Coscivian cultural identity. Nonetheless, the existence of a '''Coscivian people''' (''Koskiplānon'', ''Koskidérum'') is widely recognised both within and without the Coscivian world, and a {{wp|Meta-ethnicity|meta-ethnic}} Coscivian identity has existed since the First Empire. How "Coscivians" and "Coscivian people" are defined can very greatly by context. In modern Western sources, terms such as "Coscivian people" or "ethnic Coscivians" most often refer to [REDACTED] (see below).


The Coscivian peoples trace their ancestry to multiple waves of prehistoric migration from [[Crona]], [[Levantia]], and the antediluvian Arctic, the genetic legacy of which is unevenly distributed across different Coscivian subgroups. The genomes of modern Coscivian-Kiravians show a tiny but detectable admixture from the extinct hominins ''Homo sapiens sariporensis'' ("Sarolasdra Man") and ''Homo vetus montanis''. 
<!--
''Éorsan people''
The primary bearers of Coscivian culture throughout history have been the '''Éorsan peoples''', the historic inhabitants of the continent Éorsa where Coscivian civilisation arose. Modern studies of DNA markers have shown that there is significant genetic diversity among Éorsan peoples and considerable variation across different sub-populations. This corroborates with archæological, historical, and mythological/folkloric evidence that...Genetically, the Éorsans are descended from the Cosco-Adrates, the autocthonous P'ter aboriginals of Éorsa whom they culturally assimilated in the process of their westward migration, and - to a much lesser extent - the extinct hominins ''Homo sapiens sariporensis'' and ''Homo vetus montanis''. Upon settling in Éorsa, these Cosco-Adratic peoples began the process of forging Coscivian civilisation's core cultural (monogamy, nesting group identity), philosophical (idealism, monotheism), and political (the Coscivian Empire) foundations, which developed over several milennia before being exported from the continent in the 10th century ''anno Domini''. Today, Éorsan Coscivians constitute the majority in most major Coscivian nations, including Kiravia, and most Coscivian or Coscivised groups of non-Éorsan origin have some degree of Éorsan Coscivian admixture among their populations.
The primary bearers of Coscivian culture throughout history have been the '''Éorsan peoples''', the historic inhabitants of the continent Éorsa where Coscivian civilisation arose. Modern studies of DNA markers have shown that there is significant genetic diversity among Éorsan peoples and considerable variation across different sub-populations. This corroborates with archæological, historical, and mythological/folkloric evidence that...Genetically, the Éorsans are descended from the Cosco-Adrates, the autocthonous P'ter aboriginals of Éorsa whom they culturally assimilated in the process of their westward migration, and - to a much lesser extent - the extinct hominins ''Homo sapiens sariporensis'' and ''Homo vetus montanis''. Upon settling in Éorsa, these Cosco-Adratic peoples began the process of forging Coscivian civilisation's core cultural (monogamy, nesting group identity), philosophical (idealism, monotheism), and political (the Coscivian Empire) foundations, which developed over several milennia before being exported from the continent in the 10th century ''anno Domini''. Today, Éorsan Coscivians constitute the majority in most major Coscivian nations, including Kiravia, and most Coscivian or Coscivised groups of non-Éorsan origin have some degree of Éorsan Coscivian admixture among their populations.


Peoples of non-Éorsan origin who have come to consider themselves Coscivians (and are recognised as such) and participate fully in Coscivian transnational society include the peoples of the Austroventic archipelago (Páuanem, Coldoriem, Kýanem) and Tiluria (Krôsanyem, Díopsem), as well as the Híronem, all of whom have been subject to Coscivian cultural influence and ascendancy for multiple centuries. Certain Kiravite Aboriginal groups, for example the Kheokwém, have adapted their cultures to the Coscivian framework and generally regard themselves as Coscivians, though they continue to speak their traditional languages.
Peoples of non-Éorsan origin who have come to consider themselves Coscivians (and are recognised as such) and participate fully in Coscivian transnational society include the peoples of the Austroventic archipelago (Páuanem, Coldoriem, Kýanem) and Tiluria (Krôsanyem, Díopsem), as well as the Híronem, all of whom have been subject to Coscivian cultural influence and ascendancy for multiple centuries. Certain Kiravite Urom groups, for example the Kheokwém, have adapted their cultures to the Coscivian framework and generally regard themselves as Coscivians, though they continue to speak their traditional languages.


Other groups regarded as "Coscivised" or "quasi-Coscivian" include peoples subject to more recent Coscivisation as a result of Kiravian or Livensólan expansionism include the mixt Éorsan-Funapec ''Isōmiktem'' of [[Oceantropica]] and the ''Coscadem'' of [[Seawind Territory]]. The Ixōllem of the Mixogan highlands have no Éorsan blood to speak of, but have adopted the Coscivian religion [[Ruricanism]] and many other Coscivian customs. Livensólan missionary activity in Usaya has led to the adoption of Coscivian Christianity and Coscivian religions by non-Coscivians, as well as other trappings of Coscivian civilisation such as the Iatic script and calendar. Coscivised natives of Kiravian colonies are usually considered non-Coscivians for official purposes, but occasional exceptions have been made by legislation.
Other groups regarded as "Coscivised" or "quasi-Coscivian" include peoples subject to more recent Coscivisation as a result of Kiravian or Livensólan expansionism include the mixt Éorsan-Funapec ''Isōmiktem'' of [[Oceantropica]] and the ''Coscadem'' of [[Seawind Territory]]. The Ixōllem of the Mixogan highlands have no Éorsan blood to speak of, but have adopted the Coscivian religion [[Ruricanism]] and many other Coscivian customs. Livensólan missionary activity in Usaya has led to the adoption of Coscivian Christianity and Coscivian religions by non-Coscivians, as well as other trappings of Coscivian civilisation such as the Iatic script and calendar. Coscivised natives of Kiravian colonies are usually considered non-Coscivians for official purposes, but occasional exceptions have been made by legislation.
-->
The largest individual Coscivian ethnic groups/ethnic supergroups are the [[Kir people]], [[Cape Coscivians]] (taken collectively), [[Antaric Coscivians]], [[Ĥeiran Coscivians|Ensciryan Coscivians]], [[Eshavian Coscivians]], Paisonic Coscivians, and [[Æonaran Coscivians]].


==Major Themes==
==Major Themes==
===Coscivian Universals===
<!-- Need to add: The Emperor omfg, Four Precepts and Four Rites, Hobbesian stuff about Law and the Emperor -->
 
===Primordial Universals===
*'''Monogamy and Patrilocality-''' From the time of the Adraīan Empire (and possibly before), the Cosco-Adratic peoples distinguished themselves from their neighbours by their strict adherence to monogamy, and may have been the first people in Éorsa to institutionalise marriage in any form, monogamous or otherwise. The word ''Coscivian'' itself may originate from the Old Kasavic root ''*gxasvē'', mreaning "spouse". Traditional historiography has traced the Coscivian self-conception as a society oriented towards ethical ends and a well-ordered society to the institutionalisation of marriage. Coscivians also practice {{wp|patrilocality}}, meaning that a bride becomes part of her husband's community (not only geographic but also tribal, ethnic, and in modern times national and class)  upon marriage.
*'''Monogamy and Patrilocality-''' From the time of the Adraīan Empire (and possibly before), the Cosco-Adratic peoples distinguished themselves from their neighbours by their strict adherence to monogamy, and may have been the first people in Éorsa to institutionalise marriage in any form, monogamous or otherwise. The word ''Coscivian'' itself may originate from the Old Kasavic root ''*gxasvē'', mreaning "spouse". Traditional historiography has traced the Coscivian self-conception as a society oriented towards ethical ends and a well-ordered society to the institutionalisation of marriage. Coscivians also practice {{wp|patrilocality}}, meaning that a bride becomes part of her husband's community (not only geographic but also tribal, ethnic, and in modern times national and class)  upon marriage.


*'''Monotheism-''' The Adraīans were a {{wp|lunar deity|selenolatrous}} and {{wp|henotheism|henotheistic}} people who believed in a multitude of spiritual beings but worshipped only the Moon. The religious beliefs of the Kasavs are less clear, though it is known that they believed in an impersonal force called the ''Wàz'', which survives in modern Kiravian superstition as ''ūsa''. The worship of celestial entities continued among the Ancient ʔptovi and other West Kasavic peoples, and though it is unclear when monotheism coalesced as a popular belief, it was the Ancient Helskan philosophers (particularly the Strabians) who argued in favour of an aphysical, conscious Supreme Being. A diverse assortment of monotheistic beliefs proliferated outward from Helska across the Intheric Basin, eventually giving rise to the organised religions now classified under the umbrella of Coscivian Monotheīsm. Even today, monotheistic religion (or at least belief) remains ubiquitous in Coscivian countires, with both neo-pagan revival movements  and staunch {{wp|atheism}} being extremely rare.
*'''Monotheism-''' The Adraīans were a {{wp|lunar deity|selenolatrous}} and {{wp|henotheism|henotheistic}} people who believed in a multitude of spiritual beings but worshipped only the Moon. The religious beliefs of the Kasavs are less clear, though it is known that they believed in an impersonal force called the ''Wàz'', which survives in modern Kiravian superstition as ''ūsa''. The worship of celestial entities continued among the Ancient ʔptovi and other West Kasavic peoples, and though it is unclear when monotheism coalesced as a popular belief, it was the Ancient Eskean philosophers (particularly the Strabians) who argued in favour of an aphysical, conscious Supreme Being. A diverse assortment of monotheistic beliefs proliferated outward from Helska across the Intheric Basin, eventually giving rise to the organised religions now classified under the umbrella of Coscivian Monotheīsm. Even today, monotheistic religion (or at least belief) remains ubiquitous in Coscivian countries, with both neo-pagan revival movements  and staunch {{wp|atheism}} being extremely rare.
 
===Four Precepts and Four Rites===


===Worldview and Philosophy===
===Worldview and Philosophy===
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*Recurring polygonal motifs, especially regular pentagons and octagons, parallelograms, and stars (especially four-pointed) in art and architecture.
*Recurring polygonal motifs, especially regular pentagons and octagons, parallelograms, and stars (especially four-pointed) in art and architecture.
*Several distinctive schools of architecture, most prominently Coscivian Historicism, Coscivian Modernism, and Kiravian Exurbanism.
*Several distinctive schools of architecture, most prominently Coscivian Historicism, Coscivian Modernism, and Kiravian Exurbanism.
*A marked preference for {{wp|skyscapers}} and {{wp|high-rises}} in urban settings, even in areas where economic pressures do not necessarily demand them. This theme of verticality in Coscivian architecture can be traced back to the Inter-Imperial Period, when the mountainous and forested geography of Éorsa gave rise to the construction of {{wp|tower house|towerhouses}} as fortified dwellings. Structures inspired by towerhouses continued to be built through the Second and Third Empires, and became strategically useful during the colonisation of also mountainous and forested [[Great Kirav]] for protection from Aboriginal and [[Cromwelute Wars|Cromwelute]] attacks. Contemporary Kiravian cities and towns tend to be noticeably more vertical than Western settlements of commensurate size, with even rural towns typically having a few blocks of {{wp|low rises|lowrises}}.
*A marked preference for {{wp|skyscapers}} and {{wp|high-rises}} in urban settings, even in areas where economic pressures do not necessarily demand them. This theme of verticality in Coscivian architecture can be traced back to the Inter-Imperial Period, when the mountainous and forested geography of Éorsa gave rise to the construction of {{wp|tower house|towerhouses}} as fortified dwellings. Structures inspired by towerhouses continued to be built through the Second and Third Empires, and became strategically useful during the colonisation of also mountainous and forested [[Great Kirav]] for protection from Urom and [[Cromwelute Wars|Cromwelute]] attacks. Contemporary Kiravian cities and towns tend to be noticeably more vertical than Western settlements of commensurate size, with even rural towns typically having a few blocks of {{wp|low rises|lowrises}}.
*A rich and enduring tradition of engravings, woodcuts, and prints as the leading graphic artform, rather than {{wp|painting}} as in Western culture.
*A rich and enduring tradition of engravings, woodcuts, and prints as the leading graphic artform, rather than {{wp|painting}} as in Western culture.


===Cultural practices===
===Cultural practices===
*Affiliation with {{wp|endogamous}} ethnosocial groups (''túaþaya''), within larger linguistic, cultural, or religious cohorts.
*Affiliation with {{wp|endogamous}} ethnosocial groups (''[[tuva]]''), within larger linguistic, cultural, or religious cohorts.
*A long tradition of '''literacy''' and a critical role for literary canons in establishing the identity of groups and movements. Paper was developed early on in the softwood-rich forests of Éorsa, allowing for the early flowering of a vibrant (and democratised) literary culture. Written language has long exerted dominance over spoken language among Coscivian peoples, with the forms and style of the former acting as a prescriptive force on the latter.
*A long tradition of '''literacy''' and a critical role for literary canons in establishing the identity of groups and movements. Paper was developed early on in the softwood-rich forests of Éorsa, allowing for the early flowering of a vibrant (and democratised) literary culture. Written language has long exerted dominance over spoken language among Coscivian peoples, with the forms and style of the former acting as a prescriptive force on the latter.
*Use of the '''Iatic script''' or related scripts derived from the Ancient Adratic, including Iatic numerals, which reflect a {{wp|vigesimal}} system.
*Use of the '''Iatic script''' or related scripts derived from the Ancient Adratic, including Iatic numerals, which reflect a {{wp|vigesimal}} system.
*Use of the Iatic or High Coscivian language as a transnational, transethnic {{wp|prestige language}} of scholarship, high literature, diplomacy, and law.
*Use of the Iatic or High Coscivian language as a transnational, transethnic {{wp|prestige language}} of scholarship, high literature, diplomacy, and law.
*Use of {{wp|lunar calendar|lunar}} and {{wp|lunisolar calendar|lunisolar}} calendars derived from the Classical Iatic (the '''[[Calibrated Coscivian Calendar]]''' being the most widespread), and an eight-day week.
*Use of {{wp|lunar calendar|lunar}} and {{wp|lunisolar calendar|lunisolar}} calendars derived from the Classical Iatic (the '''[[Coscivian calendar|Calibrated Coscivian Calendar]]''' being the most widespread today), and traditionally an eight-day week, rounding out to an even 45 weeks in a non-intercalated lunar year. In contemporary times, the rhythms of rural life in many areas follow the eight-day week, while the Occidental seven-day week has replaced it in most other contexts.


==Social Organisation==
==Social Organisation==
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Some aspects of Coscivian religiosity traverse individual faith traditions, and can be found in Coscivian expressions of Christianity, Islam, and other "imported" religions. These include an important place for {{wp|monasticism}} and similar separated, acestic, and contemplative institutional lifestyles, and a great deal of attention paid to the souls of the deceased (especially ancestors).
Some aspects of Coscivian religiosity traverse individual faith traditions, and can be found in Coscivian expressions of Christianity, Islam, and other "imported" religions. These include an important place for {{wp|monasticism}} and similar separated, acestic, and contemplative institutional lifestyles, and a great deal of attention paid to the souls of the deceased (especially ancestors).
[[File:2010 Utopien arche04.jpg|thumb|''Asûrion'', the 'Sky Isle': a feature of Coscivian mythology]]
===Funerary Culture===
All Coscivian groups and subgroups have a highly developed {{wp|funerary cult|funerary culture}}. Before the introduction of Christianity and its baptismal rites, not all Coscivian cultures had strong traditions for the reception of newborns into the family, tribe, or community, a fact that some anthropologists attribute to high {{wp|infant mortality}}. Thus, the two cardinal life-cycle events in Coscivian culture have always been the wedding and the funeral. Indeed, reverence for the deceased features in both the Four Precepts ("Thou shalt not diss dead opps") and Four Rites ("Commit the dead to an honourable rest"). The oldest and most influential works in the Coscivian literary canon have been {{wp|funerary texts}} such as the ''Itidhamtagránda'', popularly known as the "Coscivian Book of the Dead".


===Funerary Culture===
{{wp|Cremation}} has a long history in Coscivian civilisation and remains the leading method of corpse disposal in the modern Coscivian World. Cremation practices among the Cosco-Adratic peoples share several common characteristics, such as giving the body a special vestment or draping for cremation, retention of ashes or bone fragments after cremation, and memorialisation of the remains. While the the specific rites surrounding cremation, of course, vary widely with religion, ethnicity, location, and social stratum, these practices are highly conserved among Coscivian groups, and contrast with Western crematory practices that usually involve the outdoor dispersal of cremated remains, which is viewed as highly disrespectful and is prohibited by law in most Kiravian states. Burial and entombment of human remains also have precedent among Coscivian peoples, reaching back into Dark History and amply attested by archæological evidence. Among many Coscivian cultures, especially in mountain areas and boreal regions where natural conditions can make simple interment challenging, Coscivians developed traditions of entombing their dead in aboveground {{wp|cairns}}, {{wp|burial mounds}}, or cave ossuaries. Burials surged in popularity after the Three Evangelisations and remain the norm among certain groups, such as [[Ĥeiran Coscivians]]. However, the more widespread practice among Coscivian Christians is to bury the dead for three or four years, exhume the skeletal remains on the anniversary of the decedent's passing, and (after ritual preparation of the skeleton and observance of liturgical rites) place the remains in a church ossuary, catacomb, or charnel house for permanent repose. South Coscivians and Antaric Coscivians, among other groups, maintain dedicated mausolea at their ancestral home sites to hold the remains of their lineage at a single site.
All Coscivian groups and subgroups have a highly developed {{wp|funerary cult|funerary culture}}. Before the introduction of Christianity and its baptismal rites, not all Coscivian cultures had strong traditions for the reception of newborns into the family, tribe, or community, a fact that some anthropologists attribute to high infant mortality. Thus, the two cardinal life-cycle events in Coscivian culture have always been the wedding and the funeral. The oldest and most influential works in the Coscivian literary canon have been {{wp|funerary texts}} such as the ''Itidhamtagránda'', popularly known as the "Coscivian Book of the Dead".
 
It has been noted that the particular funerary cultures of Coscivian subgroups are strongly influenced by their ancient religious heritage, even among groups that have embraced Christianity or Islam with minimal syncretism. Communities of Iduan or Komarist heritage tend to favour cremation. Communities of Rurican heritage prefer to keep remains close at hand. Getting kicked out of Starbucks again, shit.
 
===Nocturnal Rituals===
 
===Fugue States===


{{wp|Cremation}} has a long history in Coscivian civilisation and remains the leading method of corpse disposal in the modern Coscivian World. Cremation practices among the Cosco-Adratic peoples share several common characteristics, such as giving the body a special vestment or draping for cremation, retention of ashes or bone fragments after cremation, and memorialisation of the remains. While the the specific rites surrounding cremation, of course, vary widely with religion, ethnicity, location, and social stratum, these practices are highly conserved among Coscivian groups, and contrast with Western crematory practices that usually involve the outdoor dispersal of cremated remains, which is viewed as highly disrespectful and is prohibited by law in most Kiravian states.
==Languages and Literatures==


==Contact with Other Civilisations==
==Contact with Other Civilisations==
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[Earlier Levantine Contact]
[Earlier Levantine Contact]
[First Christianisation]
[First Christianisation]
During the 8th century ''anno Domini'', missionaries, traders, and migrants from {{wp|Scotland}} and {{wp|Ireland}} introduced Christianity to the [[Ĥeiran Coscivians]]. However, Coscivia fell out of contact with European Christendom less than a century later, due to a grand civilisational catastrophe?
During the 8th century ''anno Domini'', missionaries, traders, and migrants from Celtic Levantia introduced Christianity to the [[Ĥeiran Coscivians]].
[Third Christianisation]
[Third Christianisation]


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==Coscivian and Occidental worlds==
==Coscivian and Occidental worlds==
The first encounters with [[Occidental civilisation]] <strike> since the Hiberno-Scottish mission occured in the 13th century, as Coscivian explorers, traders, and colonists came into contact with the European peoples of [[Levantia]] and other regions in [[Ixnay]] and further afield. Civilisational conflict of any sort did not emerge in earnest until the 20th century, when the beginnings of globalisation forced the greater part of the Coscivian world to confront a Western-dominated international society and international order. A number of 20th-century developments in Western civilisation, such as {{wp|materialism}}, {{wp|utilitarianism}} and {{wp|secularisation}}; the growth of totalising ideologies such as communism, fascism, and nationalism; revolutionary and countercultural movements; and the proliferation of {{wp|consumerism}} and a homogenised mass-culture, began to stir antipathy towards Western civilisation and arouse fears of assimilation. Both social and political [[Anti-Westernism in Kiravia|Anti-Western]] movements gained momentum during the mid-20th century, and exercise a great deal of influence over cultural, language, immigration, and foreign policy in [[Kiravia]] and [[Livensóla]].</strike>
The [[Occidental civilization|Occident]] is the cultural sphere with which Coscivian-Boreal civilisation has had the most extensive contact. Historically, Coscivian-Occidental cross-cultural exchange was a product of geographic proximity, occurring via trade and transmigration between Great Kirav and Levantia. In modernity, it is more often a function of Occidental {{wp| cultural hegemony}} on a global scale. In the words of [[List_of_Kiravian_academics#S.P._Vérannív|S.P. Vérannív]], "The fundamental problem out of which 'defensive' Coscivian identity arose in modernity is that the Occident is the civilisation with which the Coscivian world has the most in common, and therefore the one against which it must define itself in order to complete its dialectical idesis." <!-- since the Hiberno-Scottish mission occured in the 13th century, as Coscivian explorers, traders, and colonists came into contact with the European peoples of [[Levantia]] and other regions in [[Ixnay]] and further afield. Civilisational conflict of any sort did not emerge in earnest until the 20th century, when the beginnings of globalisation forced the greater part of the Coscivian world to confront a Western-dominated international society and international order. A number of 20th-century developments in Western civilisation, such as {{wp|materialism}}, {{wp|utilitarianism}} and {{wp|secularisation}}; the growth of totalising ideologies such as communism, fascism, and nationalism; revolutionary and countercultural movements; and the proliferation of {{wp|consumerism}} and a homogenised mass-culture, began to stir antipathy towards Western civilisation and arouse fears of assimilation. Both social and political [[Anti-Westernism in Kiravia|Anti-Western]] movements gained momentum during the mid-20th century, and exercise a great deal of influence over cultural, language, immigration, and foreign policy in [[Kiravia]] and [[Livensóla]].-->


"Kiro-Occidental" is an inclusive compromise term intended to refer to a greater cultural world which refers to the traditionally "Occcidental world" of all Christian or Christian-descent nations of Levantia and the Latinic and Istroyan portions of Sarpedon while also making reference to the Coscivian civilization on equal footing to the Occident. The term has seen increasing academic and popular use, especially within Urcea.
"Kiro-Occidental" is an inclusive compromise term intended to refer to a greater cultural world which refers to the traditionally "Occcidental world" of all Christian or Christian-descent nations of Levantia and the Latinic and Istroyan portions of Sarpedon while also making reference to the Coscivian civilization on equal footing to the Occident. The term has seen increasing academic and popular use, especially within Urcea.
[[File:Fotothek df tg 0006883 Festungsbau ^ Ravelin ^ Wall ^ Glacis ^ Graben ^ Bankett.jpg|300px|float=left|hhh]]


[[Category:KRV]]
[[Category:KRV]]