Economy of Arcerion and Verona Department of Education: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox economy
{{Infobox government agency
| country = Arcerion
|agency_name          = Verona Department of Education
| image = Kinnaird Financial District.jpg
|seal                =
| image_size = 250px
|seal_width          = 175
| caption = The financial district in [[Kinnaird]], [[Moorden Governorate]].
|seal_caption        =  
| currency = [[Arcer Pound]] (₤)
|logo                = Verona Department of Education logo.svg
| year = 1 July – 30 June
|logo_width          = 175
| organs = [[Cronan Security and Trade Union]]
|logo_caption        = Logo of the Verona DOE
| group = [[Developed country|Developed/Advanced]]
|picture              = 50 Marcus Clarke Street Feb 2016.jpg
| population = {{increase}} 94,721,808
|picture_caption      = The DOE headquarters in Aurimá.
| gdp = {{increase}}  $5.411 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2030)
|formed              = {{Start date and age|1906|9|3}}
| gdp rank =  
|preceding1          = Education Office
| per capita = {{increase}} $56,490 (nominal; 2030)
|jurisdiction        = [[Verona|Commonwealth of Verona]]
| per capita rank =
|headquarters        = DOE Headquarters<br />600 Palmetto Pkwy, [[Aurimá]], [[Verona|VA]] 33001
| growth =  
|coordinates          =
| sectors = {{plainlist|
|employees            = 5,174
* Mining & Petroleum: 48%
|budget              = $87.4 billion
* Agriculture: 30%
|chief1_name          = Gabriel Figueiredo
* Finance: 11%
|chief1_position      = Superintendent of Education
* Fishing: 6%
|parent_agency        = [[Verona|Verona Education Secretary]]
* Manufacturing: 3%
|website              = [https://doe.verona.gov/ Official Website]
* Hydroelectric: 2%
|chief2_name=|chief2_position=|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief6_position=|chief7_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=}}
}}
 
| inflation =
The '''Verona Department of Education''' ({{lang-cd|Verona Departamento de Educação}}; '''VDOE''') is a branch of the [[Government of Verona|state government]] of [[Verona]] in [[Cartadania]] responsible for the regulation of public education. The agency is headquartered in Verona Frond Six Building in the state capital, [[Aurimá]], along with various other branches and offices of the state government. Formed in 1906 to centralize the state's education system and authority, the Verona Department of Education has the largest education responsibility in the country, second only to the federal equivalent. It apportions funds and sets standards for the education of it's 12.1 million students, a figure larger than the population of twenty-five individual states, and the eight smallest states combined.
| poverty = 6.1% (2030)
 
| gini =  
Gabriel Figueiredo, a member of the [[Jupiter Independent School District]]'s board of trustees, was appointed Superintendent of Education by [[Governor of Verona|Verona Governor]] Alícia Rosa on 8 February 2026.
| hdi =
 
| labor =
== History ==
| occupations =
The Department of Education was established on 3 September 1906 following the need for a centralized educational authority. Prior to the creation of the department, education was overseen by county education boards or multi-county organizations. The government conducted a survey of needs throughout the commonwealth and set out to develop a set goal and basic curriculum that each school district was required to follow. This survey resulted in the creation of the department to be responsible for maintaining these objectives and the office of Superintendent of Education was created, with the superintendent being an official appointed by the Governor.
| average gross salary =
 
| unemployment = {{increaseNegative}} 3.6% (2030)
In 1938, the Commonwealth Board of Education was merged into the Department of Education. Together, they introduced a precursor to the legislative bill that would separate school districts from the county and city governments. They also sought to solve the issue of ghost districts, those with no enrollment or active schools. Prior to the late 1940s, many school districts in Verona did not operate schools but spent money to send children to schools operated by other districts. In the late 1940s state lawmakers passed another bill abolishing those districts, prompting a wave of mass school district consolidation.
| industries =  
 
| edbr = {{increase}}
In 1956, the General Assembly authorized the creation of the University System of Verona, a pan-system organization that encompasses the four-system schools throughout the state. It serves as a regulatory authority and reports directly to the state.
| exports =  
 
| export-goods = iron ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminium, wheat, crude petroleum, barley
In 1961, the Verona Department of Education, in conjunction with the Commonwealth Revenue Board and General Assembly, granted school districts the power to tax residents. Prior to this, Verona school districts were allocated funding from the localities they served. The new configuration removed the municipalities' oversight of funding and use, giving the school districts more control.
| export-partners = {{ublist| {{flag|Burgundie}}| {{flag|Paulastra}}| {{flag|Alstin}}| {{flag|New Archduchy}}| {{flag|Kelekona}}|{{flag|Istrenya}} }}
 
| imports =
In 2002, the Verona education system underwent a major revision, known as the Verona Instructional System Alignment (VISA), that restructured the grading system, instructional timeframe, curricula, and pipeline for primary and secondary education. The changes went into effect on 3 January 2002, in preparation for school systems to migrate to this model when school begins (typically the third monday in January), but were authorized in January 2000. Alongside VISA was the Verona Post-Secondary Alignment (VAPSA), which only established a system by which schools can admit students on an academic basis and simultaneously eliminated the cost of attendance for baccalaureate programs, the cost of which shifted to a tax-funded model with funding from the federal government. VAPSA also reinstated the mandatory requirement that all teachers have a masters degree, which is now funded by the state as well.
| import-goods = cars, telecom equipment and parts, goods vehicles, computers, medicaments, precious metals, civil engineering equipment, furniture
 
| import-partners = Various
== Duties ==
| current account =
The Verona Department of Education is responsible for the oversight of public primary and secondary education in the state of Verona, involving both the over 100 individual school districts in the state as well as private schools. It is also responsible for the safety of students. However, it does not have any jurisdiction over parochial schools (whether or not accredited), and unlike in a few other states and several countries, home schooling is illegal. All schools are, however, required to follow the states basic curriculum, the Verona Education Standards.
| FDI =
 
| debt = 31.8% of GDP (Fall 2029)
Although school districts are independent governmental entities, VDOE has the authority to oversee a district's operations (either involving an individual school or the entire district) if serious issues arise (such as poor performance, financial distress, or reported mismanagement). This can be in the form of requiring the district to submit corrective action plans and regular status reports, assigning monitors to oversee operations (including the authority to assign a management board, which essentially replaces and performs the duties of the elected school board), and in extreme cases closure of a school campus or even the entire school district.
| gross external debt =
 
| revenue =
In addition to primary and secondary education, VDOE has oversight duties with respect to driver's education courses (initial permits) and defensive driving courses (used to have a ticket dismissed and/or for lower insurance premiums). VDOE also manages the commonwealth's higher education system, including its three university systems, the community college system, and the 6 independent public universities.
| expenses =
 
| balance =
The [[Verona Interscholastic Federation]] (VIF), which oversees academic and athletic interscholastic competition in Verona public schools, is a separate entity not under VDOE oversight.
| aid =
 
| credit = AAA; [[Kinnaird Stock Exchange]] Rating
== Superintendent of Education ==
| reserves =
 
| cianame =
== Commonwealth Board of Education ==
| spelling =
The Verona Commonwealth Board of Education is the governing and policy-making body of the Verona Department of Education. It sets AP-12 education policy in the areas of standards, recommended instructional materials, and accountability. The Board adopts textbooks for grades K-8 via statewide teacher input, adopts regulations to implement legislation, and has authority to amend and modify the Education Standards. These standards are designed to encourage the highest achievement of every student, by defining the knowledge, concepts, and skills that students should acquire at each grade level in addition to recommended supplementary areas (known as primary and secondary focii). The Board of Education has thirteen members, including one student member, all appointed by the Governor of Verona. The student member is selected from a group of three students nominated by the board.
}}
 
[[Arcerion]] is a highly developed country, with a mixed economy. As of 2026, Arcerion was one of the largest national economies in [[Crona]], consistently ranking in the top 10 by nominal GDP, as well as GDP per capita. It ranks high for the export of goods as well as the import of goods. It has one of the highest rates of uninterrupted GDP growth in the developed world as of the 21st century. It has seen a consistent increase over time, and as of the mid-2020s it had a GDP of £5.411 trillion.
=== Regions ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
! District || Counties || Manager
|-
| '''Verona''' || ''Commonwealth at-large'' || Soraya Durán
|-
| LaMarque || Amelia, [[Cara County, Verona|Cara]], Elisabeth, Everglade, Mayes || Ruben Núñez
|-
| San Marcos || Andres, Buena Vista, San Marcos || Yanira Miguélez
|-
| Palm Coast || [[Andina County, Verona|Andina]], [[Lynnhaven County, Verona|Lynnhaven]], [[Santa Rosa County, Verona|Santa Rosa]], [[Sierra County, Verona|Sierra]], [[Victoria County, Verona|Victoria]] || Noemi Notario
|-
| Pinellas || Guarias, Heralamis, Lagoa, Riverside, Santa Maria || Leyre Ruiz
|-
| Florence || Florence, Montilla, São Fernando, Vero || Rafael Hoyo
|-
| Orange || Lençois, Los Angeles, Orange, Richmond, Sinhedes, Trinity || Tereza Teixeira Meireles
|-
| Everglades || Henrico, Monteiro, Prince Lucás, Seneca || Suzana Sá de Assis
|-
| Centralia || Amari, Belleaire, Nassica, [[Richland County, Verona|Richland]], Sinas, Varina || Kevin Biel
|-
| Roseland || Santa Ana, Rosalía, Westbrook || Diego Ovejero
|-
| Vírgenes || Avetera, Espanadia, Vírgenes || Olívia Rodrigues Álvarez
|-
| Olympia || Coronado, Luisa, Pasadena, [[Olympia County, Verona|Olympia]], Sayalona || Manoel Rocha Santana
|-
| Rathan || Castelle, Mariposa, Secotan, Summerlin || Mateo Soria
|-
|}


The Arcer economy is predominantly dominated by two sectors - agriculture and natural resource extraction (this includes mining). As a combined total, agriculture, mining, petroleum, natural gas, and related industries and sub-economies made up 78% of the Arcer GDP and employed over two-thirds of the work force. There has been a prolonged mining boom in Arcer throughout the 2000s and into 2010s, and this has helped drive growth in Arcerion from the resource rich mines in the [[Aileach Mountains|Aileach]] and [[Northumbraeland Mountains]]. There has been declines recently in both mining and agriculture, the former due to the [[Final War of the Deluge]], as [[Varshan]] had been a major purchaser of Arcer Steel, and due to the rising number of wildfires in the [[Arcer Heartland]] destroying arable farmland. Despite these declines, Arcerion has continued to maintain strong economic growth throughout the 21st century.  
== Standardized tests ==
Prior to 2002, Verona assessed student performance in the elementary school and secondary school grades via the Verona Education Standards Assessment (VESA), administered at the end of each year beginning in Grade 4. Beginning in January 2002, Verona completely eliminated the VESA and instead opted for a model where teachers formulate their own grading systems for the students similar to collegiate systems, although with oversight from various superior bodies (e.g., principals, directs of primary and secondary education, district superintendents, and VDOE review board). The Verona Education system as a whole underwent a major overhaul in 2004 that marked the end of an era.


The [[Kinnaird Stock Exchange]] in [[Kinnaird]], Arcerion is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world, with one of the largest interest rate derivative markets in Crona. Some of Arcerion's largest companies include the [[Arcerion Oil and Gas Company]], [[Aeroco]], [[MacDonnell Thommen Dynamics]], and [[Arcerion Steel Corporation]]. The currency of Arcerion, and the unofficial currency of many nations in the [[Malentine Sea|Malentine Basin]], is the [[Arcer Pound]].
== School and district accountability ==


Arcerion's economy is strongly intertwined with other South Cronan nations such as [[Istrenya]], [[Kelekona]], [[Titechaxha]], [[Malentina]], and [[Washakara]]. Arcerion's largest mainland Cronan trading partner is [[Paulastra]], closely followed by the [[Alstin|United Republic of Alstin]]. Arcerion is part of a number of significant trade deals and international trade agreements, notably with the [[Stenza|Republic of Stenza]] and Arcerion's most historically important trading partner, the [[Burgundie|The Grand Thalattocratic Republican Principality of Burgundie and her Commonwealth]]. As part of the [[Cronan Security and Trade Union]] (CSTU), which itself was born out of the failed attempt to form a South Cronan Congress, Arcerion has favourable trade agreements and limited free trade with Alstin and Paulastra. Plans exist for a revised and updated version of the CSTU, which may include other Cronan partners such as [[Ceylonia]] and [[Tierrador]].
=== Education performance rating ===
== Overview ==
The Department of Education maintains a five-tier rating system based on academic accountability from end-of-curriculum testing (Grade 5, 8, and 12), though it is currently undergoing a revision to better reflect the state's instructional model. The commonwealth ranks all schools within its borders and publishes this information on its website. Ratings can also be found on individual pages. Schools in more populated areas tend to trend higher on the scale while schools in more rural areas tend to trend lower.
Arcerion's per-capita GDP is higher than that of its five neighbouring Indigenous neighbours combined, by a factor of two. Its per-capita GDP is also the fifth highest in Ixnay, and is the highest per capita in mainland Crona (second to Alstin in terms of all Cronan nations). The nation ranks highly on the Human Development Index, and is in the top five most developed nations in Crona. Arcerion's wealth has grown annually since 1991, due to high rates of foreign investment, a strong resource-based economy, and increased industrialization and the expansion of export markets through a revitalized arms export industry. Arcerion's credit is AAA across Ixnay by all major financial institutions, which is uncommon for Crona.
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Definition
!Schools
in rank
|-
!<span style="color:#710193">''Exemplary''</span>
|Schools with an '''Exemplary''' rating have demonstrated very high scoring on standardized tests for
at least 2 consecutive school years, or at least one school year following rank 'Proficient'.
|4,355
|-
!<span style="color:#55A5FA">''Proficient''</span>
|Schools with a '''Proficient''' rating have demonstrated above average scoring on standardized tests.
|13,790
|-
!<span style="color:#74B72E">''Accredited''</span>
|Schools with an '''Accredited''' rating have demonstrated average scoring on standardized tests.
|5,081
|-
!<span style="color:#FFD300">''Warning''</span>
|Schools with a accreditation '''Warning''' have demonstrated below average scoring on standardized tests
for at least one school year.
|726
|-
!<span style="color:#FF0000">''Probationary''</span>
|Schools with a '''Probationary''' rating have demonstrated below average scoring on standardized tests for
at least two consecutive school years.
|242
|-
!colspan=2|''Total''
!24,194
|}


Arcerion's emphasis on an export-based economy focused on commodity and resource commerce (notably with the expansion of the [[Albion Sea Gas Fields]]) has helped to maintain strong economic growth throughout the end of the 20th century when many traditional Occidental nations had been sluggish due to the end of the Occidental Cold War.
=== Gold Performance Acknowledgements ===
[[File:South Crona GDP.png|thumb|Combined GDP Analysis Graph of South Crona.]]
The Confederate Bank of Arcerion, the nation's federal reserve and chief financial insitution has worked to keep inflation rates under 5% since 1999, despite a brief period in 2008-9 during a national economic recession which saw rates spike to 7%. Arcerion is also experiencing a growth boom in its hydroelectric (power generation), arms exports, and tourist industries, with each expected to take up to 7% of the Arcer GDP by 2045.


Arcerion is rich in natural resources due to favourable geography and a series of border conflicts that expanded its current sovereign borders to include a pair of resource-rich mountain ranges coupled with the Arcer Heartland, which is considered to be the breadbasket of South Crona and the Malentine Basin. Arcerion is the chief exporter of agricultural products in South Crona and for many major markets in Sarpedon, Australis, and Audonia. It regular exports wheat and other grain products, wool and livestock goods, minerals such as aluminum and iron ore, energy from liquified natural gas and petroleum, and a coal industry that has remained steady since the construction of the first mines in the late 1800s. Arcerion has experienced several economic booms throughout its history. Most recently an notable was the Albion Sea Gas Field boom in the 1980s, and prior to that the Ixnay-wide dominance of Arcer steel, which was purchased in large quantities by Levantine nations such as Burgundie.  
== Colleges and Universities ==
{{infobox organization
| name = University System of Verona
| image = University system of Verona logo.svg
| image_border =
| size = 200px
| caption =
| map =
| msize =
| mcaption =
| abbreviation = USV
| motto =
| formation = 1956
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| purpose = educational oversight
| headquarters = [[Aurimá]], [[Verona]], Cartadania
| location =
| region_served =
| membership = 157 public colleges and universities, with a combined endowment of approx. $94 billion
| language =
| leader_title = Chancellor
| leader_name = Arjen Mallette
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[Verona Department of Education]]
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = [http://www.usv.edu/ www.usv.edu]
| remarks =
}}


Arcerion's largest Cronan export markets are Kelekona, Istrenya, Titechaxha, Paulastra, and Malentina. Internationally, Burgundie, Stenza, and Alstin remain its principal foreign trade partners, with increased trade from Urcea and Kiravia expected to play a larger role in the Arcer economy by the 2040s.  
The '''University System of Verona''' ('''USV''') is the state agency that includes the 157 public institutions of higher learning in Verona. The system is governed by the Verona Board of Regents and is an arm of the Department of Education. It sets goals and dictates general policy to educational institutions within the state. The USV also dispenses public funds (allocated by the state's legislature) to the institutions. The USV is the largest university system in Cartadania by total student enrollment, with 5.7 million students in 157 public institutions. USV institutions are divided into three categories: research universities, comprehensive state universities, and state colleges.
=== Governorate Disparity ===
Beginning in the 1980s, the traditional makeup of the Arcer economy began to change significantly. Moorden, with its plentiful metal extraction sites, steel factories, and financial institutions had always been the leading Governorate in Arcerion. Closely following this was Northlea Governorate, due to the large agricultural exports. Foxhey, Norham, and Howland Governorate all generally shared the last third of the country's gross domestic product and national economic output due to economies that largely could not compete with the existing duality between Moorden and Northlea. However the 1980s Albion Sea Gas boom shifted this balance significantly, and Howland quickly became an equal to Northlea due to its liquid natural gas and undersea crude oil extraction.


The agency designates four systems: the [[University of Verona]] and [[Verona Institute of Technology]] systems as "research universities", the [[Verona Commonwealth University]] system as "comprehensive state universities", and the [[Verona Community College system]] as "state colleges". The University of Verona is the state's flagship university system and contains the state's overall oldest institutions of higher learning. After the state unified the VCU system with the Verona State University system (VSU) in 1990, the VCU system became the largest higher learning system in the USV and Cartadania, with over 750,000 students. The independent University of Central Verona is the state's designated military school.


In doing so, the traditional balance was disturbed as Arcerion's natural gas and oil refinement industry skyrocketed, propelling its late-20th century growth far and above those of its neighbours. Disparity has been matched however with 'Equalization Payments,' a process by which the federal gvoernment takes budgetary surplus and economic profits through corproate taxation of other governorates, and if ratified, applies them to the budget of another governorate. In this instance, the oil and gas companies of Howland, in the Arctic, are able to help fund and support new infrastructure for Foxhey, as with the repairs and reconstruction efforts after the 2008 Telekonese Conflict. In doing so, the Confederate Parliament must have its proposed redistribution approved by the Governorate it is requesting to reallocate funds from, as Arcerion is a Confederacy of provinces, rather than a federally-directed state.
* [[University of Verona system]]
[[File:LNG tanker Arco.jpg|thumb|A liquid natural gas (LNG) tanker leaves Port Northford, Howland Governorate, in the early 2000s. ]]
* [[Verona Commonwealth University system]]
[[Category: Arcerion]]
* [[Verona Community Colleges system]]
[[Category: Economy]]
* [[Verona Institute of Technology]]
Foxhey has seen some improvement in its economy as its shipbuilding industry has continued to support maritime commerce in the Malentine Sea by offering cost effective merchant vessels for local Indigenous nations. Similarly, its naval warship facilities have been modernized and it has worked with Burgundie to begin manufacturing small sub-capital naval warships. In Norham, the port of Dunborough has seen a major economic boom in the 2020s with an increase in river traffic and the creation of the Cronan Security and Trade Union, meaning it now is the main rail hub and port-of-entry for a significant amount of goods from Alstin's mainland Cronan possessions.
== Sectors ==
=== Industry ===
==== Mining ====
As of 2028, Arcerion was the largest producer in Crona of iron ore, bauxite, zinc, and cobalt. Recent discoveries of uranium deposits in the Northumbraeland Mountains have led to an increased mining industry in the Northern portions of Northlea Governorate. Arcerion has smaller mining industries cenetered around nickle, phosphate and certain gemstones (usually found in the [[Innis River Basin]]). Arcerion is also the largest coal exporter in Crona, as its Aileach Mountain mines have produced over 400 million tons annually since the mid-1900s.


In 2026, the mining industry in Arcerion was valued at ₤700 billion billion Arcer Pounds. Megacorporations such as Arcerion Steel Company or the Aileach Mining Group remain the highest proponents of this sector. it accounts for a significant portion of the jobs in Moorden and Northlea Governorates, where the two mountain ranges that are most mined are located. The primary mines are located in vicinity of [[Easthampton]], Arcerion's easternmost town. Arcer iron ore is primarily exported to Sarpedon, which differs from coal which is imported heavily by Audonia and Alshar. Coal accounts for a shrinking percentage of [[Energy in Arcerion|Arcer power generation]] with the construction of new nuclear power plants and renewable energy sources. Arcerion remains Crona's leading coal exporter, despite a League of Nations mandate to combat climate change and global warming through investment in renewable energy sources and divestment of fossil fuels.
== See also ==
The Australian mining corporations Rio Tinto Group and BHP are among the largest in the world. Moorden Mining and Aileach Mining remain two of the largest companies in the Southeastern Cronan Peninsula, with a combined total of ~250,000 employees globally.
[[List of school districts in Verona]]
[[File:Easthampton steel.jpg|thumb|A steelworks in Easthampton, Arcerion. ]]
==== Manufacturing ====
Arcerion manufacturing has remained a smaller part of the national GDP due to the ease of ability to import finished products from Levantia through the high volume of Burgoignesc-flagged merchantmen during the 1800s and early 1900s. However Arcer industry has remained on pace with other Occidental counterparts in Crona, but has seen a significant boom with the creation of an arms industry in the 1980s for modern aircraft and weapons systems. Companies such as [[Aeroco]] and [[MacDonnell Thommen Dynamics]] have increased their global market share and the consistent rise of sales by these companies have helped to lift the Arcer manufacturing sector as a middle industry in the national economy to a burgeoning one.


Arcerion remains a fairly large textile industry due to the large herd populations of sheep and its sizeable textile crop farms in Moorden. Tariffs and taxation by the government on the manufacturing sector have been eased since the 1990s to allow for the industry to grow to compete with larger companies in Crona.


Arcerion produces other manufactured goods, notable steel and other metals, and this sector of manufacturing has remained strong historically. The founding of [[Arcerion Steel Corporation]] in 1848 coincided with a large economic boom, as Arcer steel was of high quality and the prices were much lower than Levantine counterparts. It quickly became a sought after product and Arcer factories and steel magnates grew in size and production continued to soar, as international buyers bought millions of tons by 1900. With the conclusion of the Great Wars, steel and other manufactured metal products (such as aluminum and copper) continued to drive both manufacturing sector jobs as well as a large corporate market share. Arcer steel continues to dominate the Cronan market.
==== Gas and Petroleum ====
''Main Article: [[Albion Sea Gas Fields]]''


Gas and petroleum has been a growth industry for Arcerion since the 1980s and the exploration, extraction, processing, and export of liquid natural gas and crude oil from the Albion Sea Gas Fields. It is a ₤1.1 trillion pound industry that accounts for millions of jobs in Arcerion and a significant portion of the GDP. It has maintained a steady increase in both the energy production share and its economic output as part of the national economy since then. It is expected to see steady growth for decades as more areas are explored and additional facilities are constructed. The majority of this economic boom is centered in Howland Governorate, where the storage, processing, and export facilities for liquid natural gas and crude oil are kept. Much of this petroleum and gas is exported locally to North Crona, to Indigenous countries with a lack of renewable energy sources.


==== Agriculture ====
[[Category:IXWB]]
==== Power Generation ====
[[Category: Verona]]
=== Services ===
[[Category:Verona state agencies]]
==== Finance ====
==== Tourism ====
== International Trade ==
[[File:Trade Graphic.png|thumb|Arco Trade Flow by Continent. ]]

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