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Oduniyyad Caliphate: Difference between revisions
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Like every religion after it's original founder had died, likewise in Islam saw the rising the Shia were a political movement(Arabic shīʿat ʿAlī, literally meaning “party of ʿAlī”) - supporting '''ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib''' as rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed(since none of his sons lived to adulthood) as rightful descendants since he was both a close confidant and son-in-law since the other Caliphs after Abu Bakr thought to be cursed and unfit for the place of the Prophet; since Umar al-Khaṭṭab was killed by a male slave(and possibly sex slave claimed by Shias) and Uthmān ibn Affān was killed by rioters for continuing massive war campaigns that resulted in overtaxation of the middle class. Many felt relieved of Ali's choice as Caliph and a natural outcome. Nevertheless he never quite received the allegiance of all the Muslims and in an effort to consolidate power, he was forced to wage the first fitnah (“trial”); a serious of campaigns. Ali’s main opponent were the Muslim governors in Punth, kinsmen of the murdered Uthman(many believe this antagonism was a long-aged rivalry pre-unification of the Arab tribes as they had waged religious wars between them as Jewish and Animinist hatred was common). The antagonism between Ali and these men culminated with Ali appeared to be winning until he agreed to a demand for arbitration between him and Muawiyah(Moab). The concession angered a large fraction within both men's forces, and the malcontents soon seceded (and were henceforth known as the Kharijites or “Seceders”), which ultimately both weakened and strengthened Ali’s position. Nevertheless Ali and his son betrayed by his officers were killed by Kharijites including some time later Moab himself but his son's political finesse allowed to quickly recuperate from his losses and reclaim the Prophet's land and allowing Kharijite malcontent to arise. | Like every religion after it's original founder had died, likewise in Islam saw the rising the Shia were a political movement(Arabic shīʿat ʿAlī, literally meaning “party of ʿAlī”) - supporting '''ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib''' as rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed(since none of his sons lived to adulthood) as rightful descendants since he was both a close confidant and son-in-law since the other Caliphs after Abu Bakr thought to be cursed and unfit for the place of the Prophet; since Umar al-Khaṭṭab was killed by a male slave(and possibly sex slave claimed by Shias) and Uthmān ibn Affān was killed by rioters for continuing massive war campaigns that resulted in overtaxation of the middle class. Many felt relieved of Ali's choice as Caliph and a natural outcome. Nevertheless he never quite received the allegiance of all the Muslims and in an effort to consolidate power, he was forced to wage the first fitnah (“trial”); a serious of campaigns. Ali’s main opponent were the Muslim governors in Punth, kinsmen of the murdered Uthman(many believe this antagonism was a long-aged rivalry pre-unification of the Arab tribes as they had waged religious wars between them as Jewish and Animinist hatred was common). The antagonism between Ali and these men culminated with Ali appeared to be winning until he agreed to a demand for arbitration between him and Muawiyah(Moab). The concession angered a large fraction within both men's forces, and the malcontents soon seceded (and were henceforth known as the Kharijites or “Seceders”), which ultimately both weakened and strengthened Ali’s position. Nevertheless Ali and his son betrayed by his officers were killed by Kharijites including some time later Moab himself but his son's political finesse allowed to quickly recuperate from his losses and reclaim the Prophet's land and allowing Kharijite malcontent to arise. | ||
===Western Division=== | ===Western Division=== | ||
Beginning in the 11th century, dynastic feuding within the Oduniyyads began to splinter the loyalties of the emirs of the Caliphate. By 1050, two brothers launched rival claims for Caliphal authority, and while that civil war would end by 1072, it proved to both the emirs and second sons of the dynasty that opposition to the sitting Caliph was feasible. Several dynastic feuds would divide the Caliphate during this critical era, as [[Crusades|Occidental Crusaders]] would take advantage of the division and cleave off significant portions of land and many key strategic islands during this period. In 1130, the Caliphate divided into two persistent rival caliphates, with most of [[Audonia]] following the eastern Caliph while the traditional capital, western coast of [[Audonia]], and all [[Sarpedon]] holdings recognized the western Caliph. In the fracture, many satellite territories and tributaries in eastern Audonia and [[Alshar]] broke away and began pursuing an independent foreign policy. | |||
The Third Crusade would lead to disaster for the Caliph, as Crusader control over the [[Melian Islands]] and establishment of [[Qustantistan]] split lines of supply and communication from [[Audonia]] and [[Sarpedon]] in 1144. While the Islamic emirates in [[Sarpedon]] would continue to nominally recognize the authority of the western Caliph until 1153, it functionally dissolved into approximately 15 independent emirates on the continent. | |||
The west-east divide would continue for several decades until 1153, when the eastern Caliph managed to broker a deal with powerful satraps in the east, agreeing to give them control over the entire western Caliphate in exchange for their lands. The satraps successfully destroyed the Western Caliphate two years later, governing its extensive lands in the name of the Caliph. The western satraps also began to exert increasing administrative control over the Caliphate, with Caliphal authority beginning to erode by 1160. | |||
The Fourth Crusade entirely removed Caliphal authority from the west, with most islands in the [[Sea of Istroya]] returning to Christian hands. The independent emirs in [[Sarpedon]] would be gradually destroyed over the coming century. | |||
===Decline=== | ===Decline=== | ||