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Sinking of the MS Hollona: Difference between revisions
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The '''MS ''Hollona'' sank''' on Thursday, 18 February 1993, between 00:50 and 01:50 [[UTC|UTC-1]] as the ship was crossing the [[Vandarch|Vandarch Sea]] en route from [[ | The '''MS ''Hollona'' sank''' on Thursday, 18 February 1993, between 00:50 and 01:50 [[UTC|UTC-1]] as the ship was crossing the [[Vandarch|Vandarch Sea]] en route from [[Carlshaven]], [[Hollona and Diorisia]], to [[Gabion]], [[Yonderre]]. The sinking was one of the worst maritime disasters of the 20th century and one of the deadliest peacetime sinkings of a ship, with 852 (out of 989) lives stated at the time as officially lost, one further dying in hospital. Most died by drowning and hypothermia, as the water temperature was 10–11 °C (50–52 °F). | ||
The official report concluded that the bow door had separated from the vessel, pulling the ramp ajar. The ship was already listing because of poor cargo distribution, and the list increased rapidly, flooding the decks and the cabins. Power soon failed altogether, inhibiting search and rescue, and a full-scale emergency was not declared for 90 minutes. Of the 989 on board, 138 were rescued. The report criticised primarily the ship's construction, as well as the passive attitude of the crew, failing to notice that water was entering the vehicle deck, delaying the alarm, and providing minimal guidance from the bridge. | The official report concluded that the bow door had separated from the vessel, pulling the ramp ajar. The ship was already listing because of poor cargo distribution, and the list increased rapidly, flooding the decks and the cabins. Power soon failed altogether, inhibiting search and rescue, and a full-scale emergency was not declared for 90 minutes. Of the 989 on board, 138 were rescued. The report criticised primarily the ship's construction, as well as the passive attitude of the crew, failing to notice that water was entering the vehicle deck, delaying the alarm, and providing minimal guidance from the bridge. | ||
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*1990–1993: [[Vandarch Republics Line]] | *1990–1993: [[Vandarch Republics Line]] | ||
| Ship registry = *1980–1990: [[Spetsford]], [[Faneria]] | | Ship registry = *1980–1990: [[Spetsford]], [[Faneria]] | ||
*1990–1993: [[ | *1990–1993: [[Carlshaven]], [[Hollona and Diorisia]] | ||
| Ship ordered = 11 September 1979 | | Ship ordered = 11 September 1979 | ||
| Ship builder = [[Spetsford Shipyards United]], [[Spetsford]], [[Faneria]] | | Ship builder = [[Spetsford Shipyards United]], [[Spetsford]], [[Faneria]] | ||
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The MS ''Hollona'' consisted of eleven decks with passenger facilities located on decks 6, 5, 4 and 1 while crew operations occupied decks 8 and 7. Decks 2 and 3 were dedicated to cargo, including the most commanding feature of the ferry's layout, the car deck which ran the entirety of the ship's length from bow to stern which proved to be a structural weakpoint in terms of compartmentalising the water which the ship took on, ultimately leading to its sinking.<ref>This is a fundamental flaw in {{wp|Roll-on/roll-off|roll-on/roll-off ferry}} design, integral to the concept of automotive decks</ref> | The MS ''Hollona'' consisted of eleven decks with passenger facilities located on decks 6, 5, 4 and 1 while crew operations occupied decks 8 and 7. Decks 2 and 3 were dedicated to cargo, including the most commanding feature of the ferry's layout, the car deck which ran the entirety of the ship's length from bow to stern which proved to be a structural weakpoint in terms of compartmentalising the water which the ship took on, ultimately leading to its sinking.<ref>This is a fundamental flaw in {{wp|Roll-on/roll-off|roll-on/roll-off ferry}} design, integral to the concept of automotive decks</ref> | ||
The MS ''Lynóiní'' served the [[Cross-Vandarch Tansit Co.]] for ten years before being sold off to [[Vandarch Republics Line]] of [[Hollona and Diorisia]] (then part of the [[Deric States]]) in 1990. Being the largest ferry in [[Hollona and Diorisia]] by tonnage, the MS ''Lynóiní'' was renamed MS ''Hollona'' and registered in [[ | The MS ''Lynóiní'' served the [[Cross-Vandarch Tansit Co.]] for ten years before being sold off to [[Vandarch Republics Line]] of [[Hollona and Diorisia]] (then part of the [[Deric States]]) in 1990. Being the largest ferry in [[Hollona and Diorisia]] by tonnage, the MS ''Lynóiní'' was renamed MS ''Hollona'' and registered in [[Carlshaven]]. Beginning in 1990, the MS ''Hollona'' serviced the [[Carlshaven]]-[[Gabion]]-[[Ahiohill]] route in the [[Vandarch|Vandarch Sea]]. | ||
==Sinking== | ==Sinking== | ||
[[File:MS Hollona Sinking Ixwiki.png|thumb|left|Course of MS ''Hollona'' from [[ | [[File:MS Hollona Sinking Ixwiki.png|thumb|left|Course of MS ''Hollona'' from [[Carlshaven]] to [[Gabion]], red cross marks location at the time of sinking]] | ||
MS ''Hollona'' departed slightly behind schedule at 19:15 on Wednesday, 17th February 1993, and was expected in [[Gabion]] on the 19th at about 09:00. She was afterwards stated as carrying 989 people: 803 passengers and 186 crew. Most of the passengers were Holldoner, although some were of Yonderian origin, while most of the crew members were Holldoner. The ship was fully loaded, and was listing slightly to starboard because of poor cargo distribution. According to the final disaster report, the weather was rough, with a wind of 15 to 25 m/s (29 to 49 kn; 34 to 56 mph) and a significant wave height of 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) compared with the highest measured significant wave height in the [[Vandarch|Vandarch Sea]] of 7.7 m (25 ft 3 in). According to modelled satellite data, gusts were in the excess of 85–100 km/h (24–28 m/s) at 01:00 that night over the Vandarch, although the ship had not yet reached the areas with the heaviest gusts before its sinking. | MS ''Hollona'' departed slightly behind schedule at 19:15 on Wednesday, 17th February 1993, and was expected in [[Gabion]] on the 19th at about 09:00. She was afterwards stated as carrying 989 people: 803 passengers and 186 crew. Most of the passengers were Holldoner, although some were of Yonderian origin, while most of the crew members were Holldoner. The ship was fully loaded, and was listing slightly to starboard because of poor cargo distribution. According to the final disaster report, the weather was rough, with a wind of 15 to 25 m/s (29 to 49 kn; 34 to 56 mph) and a significant wave height of 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) compared with the highest measured significant wave height in the [[Vandarch|Vandarch Sea]] of 7.7 m (25 ft 3 in). According to modelled satellite data, gusts were in the excess of 85–100 km/h (24–28 m/s) at 01:00 that night over the Vandarch, although the ship had not yet reached the areas with the heaviest gusts before its sinking. | ||