View source for Kiravic Coscivian

{{infobox language
|name          = Kiravic Coscivian
|nativename    = Kirrona, Kiravirona
|familycolor   = paleosiberian 
|pronunciation = 
|states        = [[Great Kirav]]
| ethnicity    = [[Kir people]]
|region        = [[Great_Kirav#Mid-Oceanic_Kirav|Mid-Oceanic]]<br>[[Great_Kirav#Mid-Continental_Kirav|Mid-Continental]]
|speakers      = 450-600 million
|date          = 21205
|rank          = 
|speakers2     =
|fam1          = Cosco-Adratic
|fam2          = Kasavic-Koskan
|fam3          = Varakoskan
|fam4          = Kironic
|fam5          = Right-Hand Kironic
|fam6          = Kiravic
|fam7          = 
|fam8          = 
|fam9          = 
|fam10         = 
| standards    =
| stand1       = [[Kiravic Coscivian#Written_Registers|Literary Kiravic]]
| stand2       = [[Kiravic Coscivian#Written_Registers|Standard Kiravic]]
| script       = Coscivian script
|nation        =
|agency        = 
|iso1          =
|iso2b         =
|iso2t         =
|iso3          =
|map           =
|nation        = [[File:KiravianFlag.png|22px]] [[Kiravia]]<br>[[File:SaintKenneraFlag.png|22px]] [[Saint Kennera]]<br>[[File:PribraltarFlag.png|22px]] [[Pribraltar]]<br>
|minority           = 
}}

'''Kiravic Coscivian''' ('''Kiravic:''' ''Kiravirona'', ''Kiravikoskirona'') is a Cosco-Adratic language spoken primarily in the [[Kiravian Federacy]], where it serves as the official and national language. It is the largest Cosco-Adratic language by number of speakers, both native and acquired. Originally spoken in the Mid-Oceanic area of Eastern Kirav corresponding to the [[United Provinces]] during the Viceregal Period, the Kiravic ''{{wp|Sprachraum}}'' expanded with the spread of Coscivian settlement to include most of Upper, Central, and Northwestern [[Great Kirav]], as well as the Western Highlands, positioning it to become the dominant language of the emerging multilingual federation. 

Kiravic is a highly {{wp|synthetic language|synthetic}} language that encodes a great deal of grammatical and semantic information in single words through use of relational morphemes (as is evident in the formation ''ápniverþē'', "in any other book"), and frequently derives new words through processes of compounding. It is noted for its complex array of {{wp|determiners}} and adpositional {{wp|noun cases}}, as well as for its {{wp|deontic mood|deontic}} mood. Kiravic is an {{wp|Ergative-absolutive language|ergative-absolutive language}} in terms of morphosyntactic alignment. As in other Cosco-Adratic languages, a great deal of grammatical information that most languages communicate through verb conjugation, such as {{wp|grammatical tense|tense}}, {{wp|grammatical aspect|aspect}}, and {{wp|grammatical mood|mood}} is instead expressed through a large number of specific absolutive cases. Also like other Cosco-Adratic languages, Kiravic has a very high relative abundance of nouns and adjectives over verbs: By most counts, there are some 50-70 Kiravic verbs, depending on the dialect and the degree to which certain foreign loans such as ''gib'' are considered. Though unusual among world languages, this is not as extreme as in some related Cosco-Adratic languages, which have as few as 3 true verbs, and as [[Hizolami]], which may have no verbs at all.

Genealogically speaking, Kiravic Coscivian belongs to the Kironic languages, a division of the Trans-Kiravian language family. Its closest living relatives are [[Languages of Kiravia|Dir]] (~8,000 speakers) and [[Languages of Kiravia|Kinnír]] (~50,000 speakers). It has, especially in its various regional dialects, absorbed vocabulary from other Coscivian languages, Celtic languages, and Kirhavite Urom languages, to the extent that some linguists consider it to be a formalised {{wp|creole language|creole}}. There are three distinct literary registers of the language, ''Nohærikiravirona'', ''Oskandikiravirona'', and ''Ixtikiravirona'', with recognisably different conventions as to vocabulary, syntax, orthography, and style.

==History==

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
As in all other Cosco-Adratic languages, the most important {{wp|word class}} in Kiravic is the {{wp|noun}}. Nouns are the primary bearers of meaning, and most information in a typical Kiravic sentence is contained in its {{wp|noun phrase|noun phrases}}. Because Kiravic has few verbs compared to most languages, it relies heavily on {{wp|case governance}} and verb-noun constructions to approximate what many languages might express with a single, unitary verb. As such, noun morphology in Kiravic is rather complex, and the various noun cases can be used to convey a number of different meanings. 

Kiravic nouns inflect for two numbers (singular/nonplural and plural) and X main cases: The absolutive, ergative, genitive, indirect, locative, lative, essive, benefactive, and instrumental. Within the absolutive case, nouns further inflect for three tenses (present/gnomic, past, future, imperative) and two aspects (simple and perfect).\

====Number====
Grammatically, nouns can be nonplural (unmarked) or plural. Nonplural nouns may be semantically singular, collective, uncountable, or plural. Among native speakers and in [[Kiravic_Coscivian#Written_Registers|Literary Kiravic]], the plural is marked only sparingly, and never in the company of numerals or {{wp|Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers}} (e.g. ''vôrux ethruv'' "five tree" rather than ''vôrux ethruya'' "five trees"). In [[Kiravic_Coscivian#Written_Registers|Standard Kiravic]] (which eschews classifiers) and the Svéaran dialect, plural marking is more frequent; marking enumerated plurals, while acceptable and formerly standard, has become less common since Reunification.

As illustrated in the following section, there are only two declension patterns for plural nouns. Form II (''-a'') nouns take a unique plural suffix for each case. On all other nouns, the plural base form is marked with the sufix ''-ya'' and is then declined as if it were a Form II <u>singular</u> noun.

====Case - Grammaticals====
There are four general declension patterns in Kiravic, characterised by the suffixes taken in the absolutive and genitive cases:

*'''Form I -''' Absolutive ''-v''  ⇒ genitive ''-l''<br>
*'''Form II -''' Absolutive ''-a''  ⇒ genitive ''-á''<br>
*'''Form III -''' Absolutive ''-n'', ''-r'', ''-m''  ⇒ genitive ''-sk''<br>
*'''Form IV -''' Absolutive ''-k''  ⇒ genitive ''-idek''<br>

Regular declension paradigms for the grammatical and absolutive cases of Forms I-III nouns are laid out below:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form I - ''istuv''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | istu'''k'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | istu'''l'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yá'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | istu'''m'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yam'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| istu'''v'''
| istu'''vi'''
| istu'''ya'''
| istu'''yi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| istu'''ve'''
| istu'''véi'''
| istu'''yave'''
| istu'''yavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| istu'''vo'''
| istu'''vói'''
| istu'''yavo'''
| istu'''yavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| istu'''vu'''
| istu'''vúi'''
| istu'''yavu'''
| istu'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form II - ''rona''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | rona'''k'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''æk'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | ron'''á'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''æ'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | rona'''m'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''ám'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| rona
| rona'''vi'''
| ron'''áv'''
| ron'''ávi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| rona'''ve'''
| rona'''véi'''
| ron'''áve'''
| ron'''ávéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| rona'''vo'''
| rona'''vói'''
| ron'''ávo'''
| ron'''ávói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| rona'''vu'''
| rona'''vúi'''
| ron'''ávu'''
| ron'''ávúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
<br>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form III (''n'' stem) - ''vālin''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | vāli'''th'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''nyak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | vāli'''sk'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''skya'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | vāli'''nt'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''ntya'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| vāli'''n'''
| vāli'''sti'''
| vāli'''nyav'''
| vāl'''inyavi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| vāli'''ste'''
| vāli'''stéi'''
| vāli'''nyave'''
| vāli'''nyavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| vāli'''sto'''
| vāli'''stói'''
| vāli'''nyavo'''
| vāli'''nyavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| vāli'''stu'''
| vāli'''stúi'''
| vāli'''nyavu'''
| vālin'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form III (''r'' stem) - ''kenor''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | kenor'''th'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''yak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | kenor'''sk'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''skya'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | kenor'''d'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''dya'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| kenor
| kenor'''sti'''
| kenor'''yav'''
| kenor'''yavi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| kenor'''ste'''
| kenor'''stéi'''
| kenor'''yave'''
| kenor'''yavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| kenor'''sto'''
| kenor'''stói'''
| kenor'''yavo'''
| kenor'''yavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| kenor'''stu'''
| kenor'''stúi'''
| kenor'''yavu'''
| kenor'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

Case syncretism is fairly common. The most common syncretic pattern variant is Form I nouns that take the Form III suffix ''-sk'' in the genitive, a prominent example being the word ''Kirav'' (genitive ''Kiravsk'' rather than ''Kiral'').

======Ergative-Absolutive======
The two most important noun cases in sentence formation are the '''absolutive''', which marks the object of a transitive sentence or the subject of an intransitive sentence, and the '''ergative''', which marks the subject of a transitive sentence. At minimum, a Kiravic subject-predicate sentence comprises an absolutive noun and a verb.

''Sta <u>rusto'''n'''''</u><br>
"The person sees"

''Sta rusto'''th''' <u>fidi'''n'''</u>''<br>
"The person sees the building"
<br>
<br>
The tense (past, present, future, jussive) and aspect (imperfect, perfect) of a sentence are marked on the absolutive noun.

''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''ste'''</u>''<br>
"The person saw the building"

''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''stéi'''</u>''<br>
"The person had seen the building"

''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''sti'''</u>''<br>
"The person has seen the building"

''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''sto'''</u>''<br>
"The person will see the building"

''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''stói'''</u>''<br>
"The person will have seen the building"
<br>
<br>
The jussive mood (for forming commands) is also marked on the absolutive noun.

''<u>Fidi'''stu'''</u> sta''
<br>
"See the building"

''<u>Luktu'''vu'''</u> send erú''
<br>
"Let them eat <u>cake</u>"
<br>

<br>
Kiravic has few verbs, so many actions are expressed through noun-verb couplets (compare the English examples "eat dinner" vs. "dine", "make a sale" vs. "sell"). For example, "to push" in Kiravic is ''va stugon'' (lit. "do a push"), "to welcome" is ''tá rædor'' (lit. "to give welcome"). The second, or indirect, object, which does not form part of the couplet, is marked in the '''indirect''' case, indicated by the suffix ''-m'' for Form I and Form II nouns, and ''-nt'' or ''-d'' for Form III nouns.

''Rustoth stugon va vāli'''nt'''''    /     ''Rustoth stugon va ruku'''m'''''
<br>
"The person pushed the case"          /      "The person pushed the bucket"

======Indirect======

====Case - Constructives====
In addition to the three grammatical cases which establish the structure of a sentence, Kiravic nouns also decline for several "constructive cases" that are used to form {{wp|noun phrase}}s.

*'''Genitive''' - Indicates possession, composition, and origin. Also forms infinitive constructions with the verbal nouns (see below).
*'''Benefactive''' - Indicates purpose or destination.
*'''Instructive''' - Instructive.
*'''Essive (formal)''' - Formal essive.
*'''Essive (modal)''' - Modal essive.

===="Case" - Adpositionals====
Kiravic nouns can also take on a number of regular adpositional suffixes indicating spatial/temporal position and motion. These are not cases ''per se'' but were traditionally treated as such by Occidental linguists, so here they are:

====Proper and Indeclinable Nouns====
Proper nouns are subject to the same declension rules as common nouns. By convention, one declines a Coscivian personal name by changing the surname only (e.g. "The office of [[Irasur Mérovin]]" would be ''adikuv Irasur Mérovi'''sk''''' rather than ''adikuv Irasursk Mérovin''), with the forename treated as a {{wp|noun adjunct}}. Similarly, when declining a compound geographic name such as [[Xýzyro|Mount Xýzyro]] (''Nár Xýssyrov'') or the River Kiygrava (''Rurin Kiygrava''), only the general noun is declined while the specific appellation remains unchanged (''Nárē Xýssyrov'', ''Rurinst Kiygrava''). Foreign names and brand names that cannot be readily Coscivised can be fit into the structure of a Kiravic sentence using auxiliary prepositions like ''áu'' ("of") and ''ōs'' ("as"), but most style guides for formal writing encourage using the indeclinable name as an adjunct to an appropriate Kiravic common noun. For example, "There was a fire in [[Gulnaz]]" (the capital of [[Kayistan]]) would be translated as ''Lé spóre '''sarēs''' Gulnaz'' ("There was a fire '''in the city''' of Gulnaz").

====Nouns (continued)====

<!-- 
The dative case, for example, can be used to form comparative statements (''Kēþram tergíx '''síþramd''''' - "This house is bigger '''than that house'''"), express perspective (''Sívódin é inox '''kúd''''' - "That idea is new '''to me'''"), indicate relationships, benefaction, and duty (''Thá '''vúd''' kú krótath '''akmad''''' - "I will give '''him''' money '''for rent'''").

There exist a number of highly regular adpositional forms that may be treated either as noun cases or noun-adposition compounds. Kiravic nouns lack not only {{wp|grammatical gender}} but also the gender-neutral {{wp|Noun class|noun classes}} of most other Cosco-Adratic languages, vestiges of which remain in a few noun suffixes.

While no Cosco-Adratic languages feature {{wp|grammatical gender}} distinctions comparable to Indo-European or Afro-Asiatic, Kiravic is an outlier among them in that it lacks any gender-neutral {{wp|Noun class|noun classes}} of grammatical consequence, though vestiges of the High Coscivian noun class system (solar, lunar, terrestrial, celestial, aquatic) survive in Kiravic noun suffixes and declension patterns.
 -->

Kiravic does not employ {{wp|Article (grammar)|articles}}. {{wp|Definiteness|Definacy}} is inferred from context, though in the absence of contextual clues to the contrary, nouns are generally interpreted as being definite by default. In situations where contextual clues might be ambiguous and there is a need to clarify definacy, the determiner ''lē-'' can be used to specify that a noun is indefinite, e.g. ''Ar koé '''lē-'''asdrárdas, tos dhé voé asdrár klesk skúl'' ("I spoke with '''a''' salesman, but he was not the salesman from your company"). The determiner ''irdi-'' accomplishes the same distinction with greater emphasis (''Thá vú '''irdi'''sarēs Kannurē''  -  "She is in '''some''' city in [[Kannur]]"). The determiners ''kē-'', ''sí-'', and ''śo-'' ("this", "that", "yonder") can be used to clarify that the referend is definite.

===Pronouns===
Kir/Kirth/Kirsk

===Adjectives and Adverbs===
Kiravic adjectives inflect for five degrees (indicative, comparative, and superlative). Adjectives precede the nouns they modify [[Kiravic_Coscivian#Copulas|except in zero-copula phrases]], and are not inflected to agree with them in class, case, or number.

<!-- Remember that the excessive, abessive, and sufficient are expressed by prefixes now -->

There are four adjectival declensions in Kiravic:

I. ''-ix'' (''-éx'', ''íx'')
II. ''-ax'' (''-áx'', ''-úx'')
III. ''-óx'' (''-ûx'', ''-ōx'')
IV. ''-ux'' (numerals), ''-ox'' (ordinals)

All adverbs are notionally derived from adjectives by switching the final ''-x'' to an ''-s'' (''kávix'' "good" → ''kávis'' "well", ''lādéx tarśumt'' "stronger than iron" → ''lādés tarśumt'' "more strongly than iron").

===Verbs===
There are only 20-30 verbs in formal written Kiravic, a great many of which are {{wp|semantic primes}}, such as ''lé'' ("exist, occur, happen"), ''va'' ("do"), ''èk'' ("arrive, become"), ''ka'' ("make"), ''er'' ("go"), ''kur'' ("put"), and ''send'' ("take", "consume", "undergo"). The range of meaning communicated by these verbs can be quite broad, and verbs usually need to be qualified with adverbs, nouns, and adpositions to express complete predicates. ''Sta'', for example, can mean "see", "hear", "feel", "taste", "smell", "perceive", "realise", or even "imagine". Verbs are not conjugated. Instead, tense, aspect, and mood are marked on nouns in the absolutive case, as detailed in the previous section.

Spoken Kiravic dialects often have verbs not present in the written registers, some of which are quite versatile. ''Śak'', used in [[Niyaska]] and eastern [[Etivéra]], can mean "raise/lower", "steal", "work out", "jump", "damage", "bungle", or "break up/crush into pieces". However, many spoken varieties of Kiravic, especially those used by speech communities that shifted to Kiravic from another languages (e.g. Uroms or immigrant groups) employ markedly fewer verbs than the written registers.

====Copulas====
<!-- The {{wp|copula}} ''é'' ("be") links nouns to adjectives and other nouns (''É thram ávix'' - "The house is blue"; ''síethruv é kirtik'' - "that tree is a fir"). It is normally dropped in tenses other than the simple present (''Troavo volrix'' - "The park will be beautiful"; ''Síğoskave nikóln'' - That fish was a sturgeon). In High Kiravic writing it is common for ''é'' to be dropped even in the simple present. -->

====Verbal Nouns====
Each verb is paired with a noun, known in Kiravic as its ''Nureden'' ("master noun"). These nouns serve a similar semantic and syntactic role to infinitives and gerunds in Levanto-Sarpic languages. Verbal nouns are among the most frequently used words in the language and are extremely productive as derivational morphemes, forming the basis of many compounds. In some cases, there is a clear etymological relationship between the verb and its master noun (''va'' "do" : ''vara'' "activity"), while in others there is not (''thá'' "stand" : ''itur'' "status, position"). Several verbal nouns are grammatically irregular.

===Adpositions===
In Kiravic, adpositions are typically affixed to their objects as suffixes rather than written as separate words, but can be written as such to improve clarity in particularly complex sentences. For example, while "I came here '''with''' a cake" would ordinarily be written "''Kú kēdés vediƌ lúktū'''das''''', the form "''Kú kēdés vediƌ '''das''' lúktuv''" is also grammatically valid.

While professional linguists, especially outside Kiravia, treat these appended adpositions as independent {{wp|postpositions}}, in Kiravia they are thought of and taught as {{wp|noun case|noun cases}}. The reason for this discrepancy lies in historical linguistics: When Kiravic was developing as an Iatic-based creole, the practice of appending adpositions to their objects developed as a replacement for most of Iatic's more morphologically-complex cases in order to better communicate with non-native speakers while the original Iatic syntax was kept.

===Numerals===
As in all other Cosco-Adratic languages, numerals exist separately as nouns (the names of numerical values) and as adjectives (used to quantify nouns). As such, all numerals have three forms: nominal, cardinal, and ordinal. Kiravic numerals follow a split vigesimal system with a base of 20 and a superbase of 100. As such, Kiravic only has distinct names for ''every other'' power of ten.

==Syntax==
<strike>The most common order in Kiravic is verb-subject-object, though word order can be rather free and subject-object-verb order is also common, particularly in Central and Upper Kiravic dialects. Adpositional phrases modifying verbs most often precede the verb in VSO sentences and follow it in SOV sentences. Adjectives and adverbs precede the words that they modify.</strike>

[Word order redux]<br>
[Questions & Answers]<br>
[''na'' particle]<br>
[Recursion, Relative clauses, Dependent clauses, etc]<br>

===Case governance===
An important way in which Kiravic produces a full and rich range expression with a very limited number of verbs is through case-governed constructions.

===Noun phrases===

====Infinitive phrases====
Infinitive phrases are a subset of noun phrases that have a verbal noun as the nucleus and perform a similar function to {{wp|infinitives}} and {{wp|gerunds}} in languages with more synthetic verb morphology. Nominalisation of a verb phrase into an infinitive phrase involves regular transformations of grammar and syntax.

The formula for the infinitive form of a transitive verb phrase is as follows:

[Verb] [Subject - Ergative] [Direct object - Absolutive] ⇒ [Verbal noun] [Direct object - '''Genitive'''] [Subject - '''Prolative''']

Whereas the word order of transitive verb phrases is fairly free (see above), the word order of corresponding infinitive phrases is fairly fixed. Optionally, for longer phrases, the subject may be placed between the verbal noun and direct object. Indirect objects remain in the indirect case and are placed between the genitive direct object and the prolative subject. Other constructive nouns (e.g. benefactives) also retain their cases and are placed between the direct object (or indirect object, if present) and the subject, in the same order as they appear in the verb phrase.

If the verb is modified by an adverb, the adverb is converted to its adjectival form when nominalising.

[Adverb] [Verb] [Subject- Ergative] [Object - Absolutive] ⇒ ['''Adjective'''] [Verbal noun] [Object - Genitive] [Subject - Prolative]

The formula for the infinitive form of an intransitive verb phrase is as follows:

[Verb] [Subject - Absolutive] ⇒ [Verbal noun] [Subject - '''Genitive''']

==Lexicon==
<small>''See also: [[Glossary of Coscivian Terms]]''</small>

Lexicographers divide Kiravic words into six principal categories according to their etymological journey:

* '''{{wp|Tatsama|Sovisíndix}}''' ("same as that") words: Words of a High Coscivian provenance that have retained their original spellings and (often) pronounciations.<ref name="The Lexical Patrimony of High Coscivian">Vúraluin, p. 65</ref> They include words that have been inherited from spoken Iatic Coscivian through several stages of spoken descendant languages which have survived without modification (e.g. Kiravic ''róva'' / Iatic ''róva'', "spring"; Kiravic ''verþa'' / Iatic ''verþa'', "book"), as well as forms borrowed directly from literary High Coscivian in more recent times (''avórua'', "environment"; ''vūroska'', "rhetoric"). Words in this category can be further divided among numerous subcategories based on their internal composition, date of borrowing from High Coscivian, and previous etymological heritage.

* '''Onśapurnix''' ("vocally ground-down") words: Words of a High Coscivian provenance that have undergone sound and spelling changes. This includes words that have changed over the course of linguistic evolution from spoken Iatic Coscivian to modern Kiravic through several intermediary stages, as well as early direct borrowings from High Coscivian that have becomed thoroughly "nativised". ''Onśapurnix'' words form a large and important share of the Kiravic lexicon, including most of the most frequently used words in the language, such as {{wp|function words}}, almost all verbs, and basic concrete nouns. They are even more common in spoken and dialectal Kiravic than in the formal literary registers.

* '''Dheśtravundix''' ("internally/natively composed") words: Compounds and morphological derivations newly composed in Kiravic from High Coscivian and other classical roots according to Kiravic morphological rules. A related class are the ''duîsovisíndix'' ("pseudo-''Sovisíndix''") words that were newly composed in Kiravic using High Coscivian (or other classical) morphological rules, in order to resemble an authentic ''sovisíndix'' direct borrowing. ''Duîsovisíndix'' words are very common in the ''Ixtikiravirona'' or "High Kiravic" literary register (see below), uncommon in Nohæric Kiravic, and traditionally proscribed in Standard Kiravic.

* '''Dheśtraguamix''' or '''Vūlidheśtrax''' ("native-born/truly native") words: Words that were neither inherited from an ancestral language or borrowed from another language, to include native coinages, {{wp|onomatopoetic|onomatopœia}}, {{wp|nonce words}}, derivations from proper names, and elevated slang and colloquial terms. Some lexicographers also assign natively-formed compounds constructed by nonstandard morphological rules - such as {{wp|portmanteaux}}, blends, truncations, and syllabic abbreviations - to this category, even if they include classical or foreign roots. The minor "Open Kiravic" register and the experimental "Recorded Kiravic" style of writing, which both seek to emulate contemporary spoken Kiravic more than the major literary registers do, make much more extensive use of native-born words than their competitors.

* '''Manitovix''' ("accreted") words: Words of non-classical and non-native provenance that are not considered "foreign" in origin. The membership and subdivision of this category is a matter of some contention among Kiravic linguists, but by its broadest definition includes loanwords of non-classical origin borrowed into post-classical spoken ancestors of Kiravic from other languages in the Coscivian cultural sphere and words morphologically derived therefrom, and direct borrowings into Kiravic from other modern Coscivian languages and languages in the Coscivian cultural sphere.

* '''Velśix''' ("foreign") words: All words borrowed from outside the Coscivian cultural sphere, including "near-foreign" loans from Urom, Finno-Kiravite, and Celtic languages, and "far-foreign" loans from all other languages. 

Kiravic has a rich and copious lexicon so replete with synonyms and terms with very subtle yet profound distinctions from one another in meaning, register, tone, and connotation that there exists an entire class of reference works, termed ''îhadsomethingforthis-shite-uv'', that serve to help writers navigate the nuances of the language to maximal rhetorical or artistic effect by providing detailed explanations of relationships between various words with extensive cross-references that go far beyond the offerings of a typical English thesaurus. The overlarge vocabulary of literary Kiravic is attributable in large part to the semi-independent development of different literary registers in the pre-modern and early modern periods, and to the diffusion of words across dialectal boundaries.

The bulk of Kiravic Coscivian vocabulary is either inherited from High Coscivian or newly synthesised from High Coscivian roots. Much of this High Coscivian patrimony is ultimately derived from other languages that provided loanwords to High Coscivian as far back as pre-Imperial times, including Iathei Coscivian, Stairovix Coscivian, Thygiastran Coscivian and [that non-Coscivian one]. A great deal of words have entered Kiravic from the various vernacular languages of ethnic communities living in Kiravia, particularly major ones such as Taństan Coscivian and Great Antaric Coscivian. The lexicon continues to grow with a steady stream of new coinages and borrowings.

===Scientific Terminology===
In the modern era, Kiravic has avoided directly borrowing scientific and technical terms from [[Hekuvian Latin|Latin]], Ænglish, and other Western languages. The writing guides most commonly followed by Kiravian scientific journals all discourage direct borrowings, and prescribe formulas for translating Western terms into Kiravic, most often by {{wp|calque|calquing}}. Professional institutions such as the Kiravian Astronomical Academy (''Kiravix Iselrakeniax Lárutovarum'') and the Kiravian Chemical Society (''Kiravix Ɣislokeniax Askola'') play an important role in formally defining Kiravic scientific nomenclature and creating paradigms to derive new words as needed.

A significant number of Kiravian scientific terms, however, are original coinages, some of which predate Western discoveries. For example, the phenomenon of {{wp|synaesthesia|synæsthesia}}, known as ''télar'' in Kiravic and High Coscivian, has been known to [[Coscivian civilisation]] for millennia. The Kiravic word for {{wp|diuresis}}, ''śgrulva'', is attested in writing as early as 20542 (1362), and occurs frequently in common parlance.

*'''Kōstrúlôstum''' - "Blood plasma", from ''kōstrum'' (blood) + ''lôstum'' (broth)
*'''Dharnagrám''' - Translation of both "{{wp|parenchyma}}" and "{{wp|Mittelstand}}", from ''dharna'' (brick) + ''grám'' (supporting structure)
*'''Ɣámpraxuruv''' - {{wp|Nebula}}, from ''ɣámpra'' (womb) + ''xuruv'' (cloud)
*'''Sirrúréstor''' - {{wp|Cloud seeding|Cloud-seeding}}, from ''sirrum'' (rain) + ''réstor'' (conduction, fomentation)

===Foreign Loans===
For historical and cultural reasons, Kiravic lexicographers often distinguish between culturally "foreign" loanwords and loanwords from other Cosco-Adratic languages or languages within the Coscivian cultural sphere. Different literary registers and stylistic forms of Kiravic vary in their commitment to {{wp|linguistic purism}}, with some being more welcoming of foreign loans than others. Nonetheless, as Kiravian society has never been isolated from other cultures, words with ultimately non-Coscivian etymologies can be found in most strata of the Kiravic lexicon.

{{wp|Goidelic languages|Gaelic}} is without a doubt the language that has contributed the largest number of loandwords to Kiravic. Most basic ecclesiastical terminology has come to Kiravic through Gaelic, such as ''Æglasta'' ("church", from Gaelic ''eaglais'') ''Avrenn'' ("Mass", from ''aifreann''), and ''Þíarna'' ("God", "the Lord", from ''Thíarna''). In many Kiravic dialects, Gaelic loans have displaced many common words of Coscivian origin, such as ''práta'' ("potato", versus Coscivian ''ēln''), ''portán'' ("crab"), and ''fovar'' ("autumn", from ''fomhar''). ''Práta'' and ''fovar'' in particular have gained currency nationwide and are acceptable in most literary forms of Kiravic.

Other important loandwords to Kiavic from Ixnayan languages include ''mestiśuv'' ("person of mixed Coscivian and non-Coscivian descent", from {{wp|Portuguese|Tryhstian}} ''mestiço''), ''gipklé'' ("cede territory under the threat of force", from [[Lebhan language|Lebhan]] ''gib clay''), and ''bola'' ("bomb", from [[List of Hekuvian Latin Words#P|Hekuvian Latin]] ''pyrobola'').

==Varieties==
===Written Registers===
There are three main literary registers of Kiravic. While all are mutually intelligible, they differ substantially in vocabulary, lexico-morphological rules, orthography, and style. Usage of one register or another varies by region as well as by context.

*'''Literary Kiravic''' (Kiravic: ''Vénakirrona'') or '''Nohæric''' emerged from conventions established during [time period] by traditional rhetorical schools in the Kir lands when they began teaching rhetoric in the vernacular instead of solely in High Coscivian, and went on to evolve organically with the flowering of Kiravic literary culture. Nohæric is the {{wp|Prestige (sociolinguistics)|register of prestige}}, and is used in the majority of long-form literature and ''{{wp|belles-lettres}}'', most newspapers and mid- and upmarket magazines, and polished correspondence. Native speakers prefer Literary Kiravic for most purposes, and in states where Kiravic is the prevailing language (as well as Æonara and the Overseas Regions), Literary Kiravic is the only register taught in schools. 
 
*'''Standard Kiravic''' (Kiravic: ''Oskandikiravirona''), also known as ''teléuverþarona'' ("schoolbook language") was developed by the [[Kiravian Union]] Directorate of Education to promote the adoption of Kiravic as the unified national language in accordance with the programme of the Kirosocialist Party. It was the result of reforms intended to rationalise, modernise, and simplify the language in order to facilitate its acquisition by non-native speakers, and also to "proletarianise" the written language to make it more accessible to the masses. Today, Standard Kiravic is the predominant register used in federal government documents (and lower-level government documents in Kiravic from non-Kiravic-speaking regions), business documents and correspondence, {{wp|grey literature}}, and technical writing. In provinces outside the native range of Kiravic, Standard Kiravic is the register taught in schools, though Literary Kiravic vocabulary is often taught in the upper forms.

*'''High Kiravic''' (Kiravic: ''Ixtikirrona'') is a conservative form of Kiravic modelled closely on the stylistic conventions of Traditional High Coscivian and replete with lexical borrowings from older and more arcane recensions of High Coscivian. Certainly the least commonly used of the three main registers, High Kiravic is encountered in many of the greatest Kiravic literary works, a growing number of higher-brow periodicals, and in some recent works of popular nonfiction (especially on historical or political topics). The language of legal documents and proceedings most closely resembles High Kiravic, earning it the informal appellation ''áldarona'' ("legalese"). A great deal of personal correspondence among the middle- and upper-classes during  the 15th-19th centuries was written according to High Kiravic conventions, including the letters circulated among the founding fathers of the Republic, which are widely studied and recited today.

Note that the unqualified name of the language itself - ''Kirrona'' in Literary and High Kiravic, ''Kiravirona'' in Standard Kiravic - reflects each register's origins, with the former developing organically from the ethnic language of the Kir people, and the other having been designed and proliferated to be the common language of the entire nation.

There are several minor literary registers used among smaller communities, most of which adhere to style guides published by a particular literary society, university, or other institution. Today, it is often difficult to definitively say that a particular document is written in one register or another, though it is usually easy to identify which register's conventions it leans more toward.

===Dialects===
====Core Dialects====
*'''Kandan Kiravic''' is native to the parts of upstate [[Kiygrava]] surrounding the city of [[Cities of Kiravia#Evira|Evira]], as well as communities of [[Ethnic Groups in Kiravia#Kandem Coscivians|ethnic Kandan]] populations in other parts of Northern Kirav and the Colonies.

*'''Læran Kiravic''' - Spoken in southeastern [[Etivéra]].

*'''White Kiravic''' (''Thasikirrona'') - Spoken across most of [[Kastera]] and parts of neighbourign states by the [[Kir people#White_Kir|White Kir]].

*'''Kandan Kiravic'''' or '''Red Kiravic'''' (''Hūrikirrona'') - Spoken across the upper hemiboreal belt of Great Kirav by the Kandan Kir, as well as pockets of Upper Kirav.

*'''Xúsran Kiravic''' is spoken mainly in the state of [[Hiterna]].

====Peripheral Dialects====
*'''Svéaran Kiravic''' - Native to the Svéa Coast and its hinterlands, over parts of Kiygrava and Harma, as well as most of Bissáv, this dialect was spread to [[the Cape]], [[Paulastra]], the [[Saxalin Islands|Saxalins]], and part of [[Cartadania]] as a disproportionately large number of traders, sailors, whalers, and early emigrants hailed from the Svéa Coast. Svéaran is notable for its atypical nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment (attributed to a Anderan substrate), and for the strong Taństan influence on its phonology and vocabulary.

*'''Urban Northeastern Kiravic''' dialects are spoken in large, multi-ethnic urban areas in traditionally Taństan-speaking Northeastern states, such as Béyasar. Kiravic displaced Taństan as the main language of daily life and inter-ethnic communication in these cities during the Kirosocialist era. Formed on a foundation of written Standard Kiravic as taught in schools, its spoken form reflects the influence of Taństan (for example, having a {{wp|progressive aspect}}) as well as diverse lexical influences from the ethnic languages of its speakers, including Gaelic and other Levantine languages spoken by the substantial Levantine-Kiravian communities in these cities.

*'''Upper Kiravic''' is spoken in north-central and northwestern Great Kirav, and borrows extensively from Central and North Coscivian languages. It has a rather singsong cadence and always distinguishes for animacy in third-person pronouns.

*'''Highland Kiravic''' is spoken in the general region of the Eastern Highlands, as well as overseas colonies settled by emigrants from this region. It borrows heavily from Celtic and Urom languages and is notable for its nasal vowels and distinct cadence.

*'''Telmarine Kiravic''' is spoken in and around [[Cities of Kiravia#Telmar|Telmar]], [[Ventarya]]. Kalvertan Coscivian is the prevailing language of the surrounding area, but was supplanted by Kiravic after the city became the operational hub of the Kiravian Navy. Although it is located far south of the Southern Kiravic dialect belt, Telmarine Kiravic is in fact an outlying Northern dialect, reflecting the influence of the many navy yard workers relocated from Valēka. It is also heavily influenced by Svéaran Kiravic and by Maritime Coscivian.

*'''Xirayic''' is spoken in [[Xirya]], where it is formalised and used for official purposes. One notable feature is the pronunciation of the adjectival ''-x'' suffix as ''-s'', erasing any phonetic distinction between adjectives and adverbs. This is causes mild to moderate confusion for speakers of other dialects.

==Usage==
In the Kiravian Federacy, Kiravic is the sole official and working language of the Federal government. It is the language in which all laws are written, as well as all original copies of official documents. Most federal subjects, with a few exceptions, use Kiravic as their language of governance either officially or unofficially. While all territories, intendancies, and governments-general use Kiravic as their official language by default, the more self-governing mainland states and chartered colonies are free to designate their own official languages, and several retain Kiravic only in a secondary or auxiliary capacity.

In Kiravia, Kiravic is the language of interethnic communication, business, and mass media. From the Kirosocialist period until the late 21190s all public secondary (and most public primary) education was conducted in Kiravic, and while some states (such as [[Sydona]]) have since made local languages the standard medium of instruction, most secondary education nationwide is still in Kiravic, while higher education is conducted mainly in [[High Coscivian]]. Kiravic is spoken competently by 66% of the Kiravian population, by 42% as a native language, and by 33% as their sole native language. Most Kiravic speakers are fluent, either natively or non-natively, in one or more ethnic vernacular languages.

Due to Kiravian political and economic influence overseas, especially in [[Ixnay]], Kiravic is often studied as a foreign language abroad, especially in [[the Cape]], [[Paulastra]], and [[Caphiria]].

[[Category:KRV]]
[[Category: Kiravian Federacy]]
[[Category: Language]]
[[Category:2022 Award winning pages]]
[[Category:IXWB]]