View source for Help:IPA/Latin

{{IPA key|H:IPA-LA}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Classical Latin]] and [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-la}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Latin phonology and orthography]] and [[Latin regional pronunciation]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

{| style="background:none;"
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="5" | [[Consonant]]s<ref name="geminated">[[Gemination|Geminate]] (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for {{IPA|/jj/}} and {{IPA|/ww/}}: ''anus'' {{IPA|/ˈanʊs/}}, ''annus'' {{IPA|/ˈannʊs/}}. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: {{IPA|/nn/}} or {{IPA|/nː/}}.</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | IPA !! colspan="2" | [[Latin alphabet|Latin<br/>alphabet]] !! rowspan="2" | Examples !! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
! [[Classical Latin|Class.]] !! [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Eccl.]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>b</big>
| '''b'''ellum
| '''b'''ean
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>d</big>
| '''d'''ecem
| '''d'''eck
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>z</big><ref name="greek">Only found in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] loanwords.</ref>
| '''z'''ēlus
| a'''dds'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>g</big><ref name="palatalized"/>
| '''g'''ēns
| '''g'''iant
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>f</big>
| '''f'''aciō
| '''f'''an
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>g</big>
| '''g'''ravis
| '''g'''ear
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>h</big><ref>{{angbr|H}} was generally silent. Sometimes medial {{angbr|h}} is pronounced {{IPAblink|k}} in Ecclesiastical Latin (''mihi''); it was pronounced faintly in Classical Latin.{{clarify}}</ref>
| '''h'''abeō
| '''h'''er ''or'' '''h'''our
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>i</big><ref name="semivowel">In Classical Latin, {{angbr|i u}} represent the vowels {{IPA|/ɪ iː}} and {{IPA|/ʊ uː/}}, and the consonants {{IPA|/j/}}, and {{IPA|/w/}}. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, {{angbr|i u}} are vowels. In some spelling systems, {{IPA|/j w/}} are written with the letters {{angbr|j v}}. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
*Consonantal {{angbr|i}}, between vowels, stands for [[gemination|doubled]] {{IPA|/jj/}}: ''cuius'' {{IPA|[ˈkʊjjʊs]}}. The vowel before the double {{IPA|/jj/}} is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in {{IPA|/j/}}, the {{IPA|/j/}} is usually single: ''trā-iectum'' {{IPA|[traːˈjɛktũː]}}.
*{{IPA|/w/}} is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as ''Euander'' {{IPA|[ɛwˈwandɛr]}}.
In Ecclesiastical Latin, {{angbr|i}} represents the vowel {{IPA|/i/}}, {{angbr|j}} represents the consonant {{IPA|/j/}}, {{angbr|u}} represents the vowel {{IPA|/u/}} or (in the combinations {{angbr|gu su qu}}) the consonant {{IPA|/w/}}, and {{angbr|v}} represents the fricative {{IPA|/v/}}.</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>j</big><ref name="semivowel"/>
| '''j'''ūvo
| '''y'''es
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>c, k</big>
| '''c'''aput
| s'''c'''ar
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|kʰ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ch</big><ref name="greek"/>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''ch'''arta
| '''c'''ar
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|kʷ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big>qu</big><ref>The labialized velar {{IPA|/kʷ/}} was pronounced as labio-palatalized {{IPA|[kᶣ]}} before the vowels {{IPA|/ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː/}}.</ref>
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''qu'''attuor
| s'''qu'''ash
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ᶣ|kᶣ}}</big>
| '''qu'''ī
| ''(French)'' '''cu'''isine
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>l</big>
| '''l'''ītus
| '''l'''eave
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɫ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>l</big><ref>{{IPA|/l/}} has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear {{IPAblink|l}} occurs when geminated to /ll/ and before the vowels /ɪ/ and /iː/, as well as before /ʏ/ and /yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) {{IPAblink|ɫ}} occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels including /ɛ/ and /eː/.</ref>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| mu'''l'''tus
| a'''ll'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>m</big><ref name="nasalization">In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and {{angbr|m}} at the end of a word, or a vowel and {{angbr|n}} before {{angbr|s}} or {{angbr|f}}, represents a long [[nasal vowel]].</ref>
| '''m'''anus
| '''m'''an
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | <big>n</big><ref name="nasalization" />
| '''n'''oster
| '''n'''ext
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| lo'''n'''gus<ref name="gn">In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, {{IPA|/n/}} is pronounced as {{IPAblink|ŋ}} before {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}}. The digraph {{angbr|gn}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ŋn]}} in Classical Latin but {{IPA|[ɲ]}} in Ecclesiastical Latin.</ref>
| rowspan="2" | so'''ng'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>g</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| i'''g'''nis<ref name="gn"/>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɲ}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>gn</big>
| i'''gn'''is<ref name="gn"/>
| o'''ni'''on
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>p</big>
| '''p'''āx
| s'''p'''an
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|pʰ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ph</big><ref name="greek"/>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''ph'''aretra
| '''p'''an
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>r</big>
| '''r'''egiō
| ''[[alveolar trill|trilled]] or [[alveolar flap|tapped r]]''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>s</big><ref name="sz">In Ecclesiastical Latin, {{IPA|/s/}} between vowels is often pronounced {{IPAblink|z}}.</ref>
| '''s'''um
| '''s'''end
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>sc</big><ref name="palatalized" />
| '''sc'''indō
| '''sh'''arp
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>t</big>
| '''t'''abula
| s'''t'''one
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|tʰ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>th</big><ref name="greek"/>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''th'''alamus
| '''t'''one
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>t</big><ref name="palatalized" />
| por'''t'''iō
| Bo'''ts'''wana
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>c</big><ref name="palatalized">In Classical Latin, {{angbr|c g t}} are always pronounced hard, as {{IPA|/k g t/}}. In Ecclesiastical Latin, {{angbr|c g sc}} are pronounced as [[palatalization (sound change)|soft]] {{IPA|[tʃ dʒ ʃ]}} before the [[front vowel]]s {{angbr|e i y ae oe}} and unstressed {{angbr|ti}} before a vowel is pronounced {{IPA|[tsi]}}.</ref>
| '''c'''entum
| '''ch'''ange
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>u</big><ref name="semivowel" />
| rowspan="2" | '''u'''erbum
| '''w'''est
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>v</big><ref name="semivowel" />
| '''v'''est
|-
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>z</big><ref name="greek"/>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''z'''ēlus
| rowspan="2" | '''z'''est
|-
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>s</big><ref name="sz"/>
| mi'''s'''erēre
|}
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="5" | [[Vowel]]s<ref name="long">Classical Latin has [[vowel length|long and short vowels]]. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]s, {{angbr|ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ}}, and short vowels with [[breve]]s, {{angbr|ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆}}. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | IPA !! colspan="2" | [[Latin alphabet|Latin<br/>alphabet]] !! rowspan="2" | Examples !! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
! [[Classical Latin|Class.]] !! [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Eccl.]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | <big>a</big>
| '''a'''nim'''a'''
| p'''a'''sta
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ä|aː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ā</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''ā'''cer, '''ā'''ctus
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>e</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| rowspan="2" | '''e'''st
| rowspan="2" | m'''e'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| class="nowrap" style="text-align: center;" | <big>ae/æ<br>oe/œ<br>e</big>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|eː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ē</big>
| style="text-align: center; background-color: darkgray;" |
| '''ē'''l'''ē'''ctus
| ''Scottish'' m'''a'''de
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>i</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''i'''nc'''i'''p'''i'''t
| m'''i'''t
|-dark
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>i<br>y</big>
| rowspan="2" | '''ī'''ra, m'''ī'''lle
| rowspan="2" | m'''ea'''d
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|iː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ī</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>o</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| rowspan="2" | '''o'''mnis
| rowspan="2" | '''o'''ff
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|o}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>o</big>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ō</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''ō'''rd'''ō'''
| ''RP or Australian'' l'''aw'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>u</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| '''u'''rbs
| p'''u'''t
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|u}}</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>u</big>
| rowspan="2" | l'''ū'''na
| rowspan="2" | c'''oo'''l
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|uː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ū</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="3" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ʏ}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>y</big><ref name="greek"/>
| c'''y'''clus
| ''Scottish'' c'''u'''te
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|yː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ȳ</big><ref name="greek"/>
| c'''ȳ'''ma
| ''Scottish'' c'''u'''ed
|-
! colspan=5| Vowels that precede vowels<ref>In Classical Latin, short {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}} have a more closed articulation: {{IPA|[e]}} {{IPA|[i]}} when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [{{IPA|ɛ}}] and [{{IPA|ɪ}}].</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|e}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>eV</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="2" |
| m'''e'''a
| ''Scottish'' m'''a'''te
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|i}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>iV</big>
| Ital'''i'''a
| p'''ea'''ce
|-
! colspan=5| [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ae̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>ae</big>
| style="background-color: darkgray" rowspan="2" |
| c'''ae'''lum
| s'''igh'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|oe̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>oe</big>
| p'''oe'''na
| b'''oy'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|au̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=2 | <big>au</big>
| '''au'''rum
| c'''ow'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ei̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=2 | <big>ei</big>
| m'''ei'''
| s'''ay'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|eu̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=2 | <big>eu</big>
| d'''eu'''s
| ''no English equivalent; Spanish'' '''eu'''ro
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ui̯}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=2 | <big>ui</big>
| c'''ui'''
| r'''ui'''n
|-
! colspan=5| [[Nasal vowel]]s<ref name="nasalization" />
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|◌̃ː}}</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{nowrap|<big>um<br>un</big>}}
| style="background-color: darkgray" |
| m'''ōn'''str'''um'''
| ''long nasal vowels''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! colspan="3" | [[Prosody (linguistics)|Prosody]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! Explanation
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | Gāius<br>{{IPA|[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs]}}
| [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable)<ref>In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the [[penult|penultimate syllable]] if [[syllable weight|heavy]], on the [[antepenult|antepenultimate syllable]] otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]] or [[elision]].</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|.}}</big>
| syllable marker, generally between vowels in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]<ref>This does not indicate a glottal stop [{{IPAlink|ʔ}}]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.</ref>
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA keys}}