Help:IPA/Latin

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Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Classical Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-la}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Latin phonology and orthography and Latin regional pronunciation for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

Consonants[1]
IPA Latin
alphabet		 Examples English approximation
Class. Eccl.
Template:IPAlink b bellum bean
Template:IPAlink d decem deck
Template:IPAlink z[2] zēlus adds
Template:IPAlink g[3] gēns giant
Template:IPAlink f faciō fan
Template:IPAlink g gravis gear
Template:IPAlink h[4] habeō her or hour
Template:IPAlink i[5] j[5] jūvo yes
Template:IPAlink c, k caput scar
Template:IPAlink ch[2] charta car
Template:IPAlink qu[6] quattuor squash
Template:IPAlink quī (French) cuisine
Template:IPAlink l lītus leave
Template:IPAlink l[7] multus all
Template:IPAlink m[8] manus man
Template:IPAlink n[8] noster next
Template:IPAlink longus[9] song
g ignis[9]
Template:IPAlink gn ignis[9] onion
Template:IPAlink p pāx span
Template:IPAlink ph[2] pharetra pan
Template:IPAlink r regiō trilled or tapped r
Template:IPAlink s[10] sum send
Template:IPAlink sc[3] scindō sharp
Template:IPAlink t tabula stone
Template:IPAlink th[2] thalamus tone
Template:IPAlink t[3] portiō Botswana
Template:IPAlink c[3] centum change
Template:IPAlink u[5] uerbum west
Template:IPAlink v[5] vest
Template:IPAlink z[2] zēlus zest
s[10] miserēre
Vowels[11]
IPA Latin
alphabet		 Examples English approximation
Class. Eccl.
Template:IPAlink a anima pasta
Template:IPAlink ā ācer, āctus father
Template:IPAlink e est met
Template:IPAlink ae/æ
oe/œ
e
Template:IPAlink ē ēlēctus Scottish made
Template:IPAlink i incipit mit
Template:IPAlink i
y 		īra, mīlle mead
Template:IPAlink ī
Template:IPAlink o omnis off
Template:IPAlink o
Template:IPAlink ō ōrdō RP or Australian law
Template:IPAlink u urbs put
Template:IPAlink u lūna cool
Template:IPAlink ū
Template:IPAlink y[2] cyclus Scottish cute
Template:IPAlink ȳ[2] cȳma Scottish cued
Vowels that precede vowels[12]
Template:IPAlink eV mea Scottish mate
Template:IPAlink iV Italia peace
Diphthongs
ae̯ ae caelum sigh
oe̯ oe poena boy
au̯ au aurum cow
ei̯ ei mei say
eu̯ eu deus no English equivalent; Spanish euro
ui̯ ui cui ruin
Nasal vowels[8]
◌̃ː um
un 		mōnstrum long nasal vowels
Prosody
IPA Examples Explanation
Template:IPAlink Gāius
[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs] 		stress (placed before the stressed syllable)[13]
Template:IPAlink syllable marker, generally between vowels in hiatus[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for /jj/ and /ww/: anus /ˈanʊs/, annus /ˈannʊs/. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: /nn/ or /nː/.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Only found in Greek loanwords.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 In Classical Latin, ⟨c g t⟩ are always pronounced hard, as /k g t/. In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨c g sc⟩ are pronounced as soft [tʃ dʒ ʃ] before the front vowels ⟨e i y ae oe⟩ and unstressed ⟨ti⟩ before a vowel is pronounced [tsi].
  4. ↑ ⟨H⟩ was generally silent. Sometimes medial ⟨h⟩ is pronounced [k] in Ecclesiastical Latin (mihi); it was pronounced faintly in Classical Latin.[clarification needed]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 In Classical Latin, ⟨i u⟩ represent the vowels /ɪ iː and /ʊ uː/, and the consonants /j/, and /w/. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, ⟨i u⟩ are vowels. In some spelling systems, /j w/ are written with the letters ⟨j v⟩. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
    • Consonantal ⟨i⟩, between vowels, stands for doubled /jj/: cuius [ˈkʊjjʊs]. The vowel before the double /jj/ is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in /j/, the /j/ is usually single: trā-iectum [traːˈjɛktũː].
    • /w/ is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as Euander [ɛwˈwandɛr].
    In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨i⟩ represents the vowel /i/, ⟨j⟩ represents the consonant /j/, ⟨u⟩ represents the vowel /u/ or (in the combinations ⟨gu su qu⟩) the consonant /w/, and ⟨v⟩ represents the fricative /v/.
  6. ↑ The labialized velar /kʷ/ was pronounced as labio-palatalized [kᶣ] before the vowels /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː/.
  7. ↑ /l/ has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear [l] occurs when geminated to /ll/ and before the vowels /ɪ/ and /iː/, as well as before /ʏ/ and /yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) [ɫ] occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels including /ɛ/ and /eː/.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and ⟨m⟩ at the end of a word, or a vowel and ⟨n⟩ before ⟨s⟩ or ⟨f⟩, represents a long nasal vowel.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, /n/ is pronounced as [ŋ] before /k, ɡ/. The digraph ⟨gn⟩ is pronounced as [ŋn] in Classical Latin but [ɲ] in Ecclesiastical Latin.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 In Ecclesiastical Latin, /s/ between vowels is often pronounced [z].
  11. ↑ Classical Latin has long and short vowels. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with macrons, ⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩, and short vowels with breves, ⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.
  12. ↑ In Classical Latin, short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ have a more closed articulation: [e] [i] when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [ɛ] and [ɪ].
  13. ↑ In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the penultimate syllable if heavy, on the antepenultimate syllable otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by contraction or elision.
  14. ↑ This does not indicate a glottal stop [[[:Template:IPAlink]]]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.

Template:IPA keys

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