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-The '''Oduniyyad Caliphate''' (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُدوِنَيَّة ''al-Khilāfatu al-'Oduniyyah'') was the first Islamic empire, established by {{wpl|Muhammad}} in [[624]] CE on the continent of [[Audonia]] (''al-Oduniye'') and greatly expanded over the next half-millennium to become one of the largest empires in history. The Caliphate had always been religiously and ethnically diverse which created tension within the realm. In [[1031]], followers of the Shia sect who believed that Ali ibn Ali should have succeeded {{wpl|Muhammad}} rather than Caliph {{wpl|Abu Bakr}} seceded from the Caliphate, forming a [[Khandharan Empire|rival empire]] in the conquered territory in [[South Punth]]. This was followed shortly by the [[Crusades]], a series of religious wars waged by Christians to reclaim the southern lands of [[Sarpedon]] which had been under Muslim rule for centuries. Portions of the empire fractured gradually over subsequent centuries until the Caliphate eventually fell to infighting in [[1517]] CE.
+The '''Oduniyyad Caliphate''' (ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلأُدوِنَيَّة ''al-Khilāfatu al-'Oduniyyah'') was the first Islamic empire, established by {{wpl|Muhammad}} in [[624]] CE on the continent of [[Audonia]] (''al-Oduniye'') and greatly expanded over the next half-millennium to become one of the largest empires in history. The Caliphate had always been religiously and ethnically diverse which created tension within the realm. In [[1031]], followers of the Shia sect who believed that Ali ibn Ali should have succeeded {{wpl|Muhammad}} rather than Caliph {{wpl|Abu Bakr}} seceded from the Caliphate, forming a [[Kandara#Queendom_of_Santasi_and_the_Khandharan_Empire|rival empire]] in the conquered territory in [[Al'qarra]]. This was followed shortly by the [[Crusades]], a series of religious wars waged by Christians to reclaim the southern lands of [[Sarpedon]] which had been under Muslim rule for centuries. Portions of the empire fractured gradually over subsequent centuries until the Caliphate eventually fell to infighting in [[1517]] CE.
 ==History==
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 On  9th  April, 631  AD,  a  commanding  force  of  four  thousand men was amassed to assist the separatist Caphivarian provincial governor in eastern modern-day Veltorina under Rogerius Ecdicius after pleading Arab military leader Daif el-Latif. It was the beginning on one of the many Arab military expeditions in Sarpedon. Although the region had enjoyed the blessing of the presence of many influential religious scholars and saints, the impact of these great leaders were unable to maintain a long-lasting effect as there was no sufficient, theological base in the works to resist the Islamic onslaught. Through a series of events, various heretical views had become prominent influencing the already complicated political scene. Separatism fueled by a newave of religious nationalism by the arrival of iconoclasm and rejection of traditional Trinity aspects paved the wave for eastern Sarpedonian being both emotionally and psychologically prepared to have traditional dogma replaced. Islamic ideals such as Jesus was only a great prophet and that Mohammed had come as an even greater, and final, prophet opened the door for Islam to nearly eradicate Christianity from the east.
-Across the sea to the east, the continent of [[Punth]] was home to many different states, cultures, and religious beliefs. According to Islamic tradition, invasions of [[South Punth]] were motivated by the heretical and allegedly polytheistic faiths practised by early {{wpl|Vedas|Vedic}} worshippers. This prompted cries of jihad in the 9th century, leading to the withdrawal of major military forces from Sarpedon and the large-scale invasion of [[Punth]]. Originally landing in what is modern-day [[Umardwal]], the invasion force steadily conquered the disparate states of [[South Punth]], reaching as far as the borders of Canpei and Wonjin before their forces became spread too thin. An alliance between the nascent kingdoms of [[Tapakdore]] and [[Pursat]] with the Asiatic nations to the east successfully stymied attempts to penetrate further into the region and regained ground in [[Khyarvi]] and [[Kulaparkar]] which was restored to its original rulers. Several more incursions by Caliphate jihadis were attempted, but little ground changed hands over the subsequent centuries.
+Across the sea to the east, the continent of [[Punth]] was home to many different states, cultures, and religious beliefs. According to Islamic tradition, invasions of [[Al'qarra]] were motivated by the heretical and allegedly polytheistic faiths practised by early {{wpl|Vedas|Vedic}} worshippers. This prompted cries of jihad in the 9th century, leading to the withdrawal of major military forces from Sarpedon and the large-scale invasion of [[Punth]]. Originally landing in what is modern-day [[Umardwal]], the invasion force steadily conquered the disparate states of [[Al'qarra]], reaching as far as the borders of Canpei and Wonjin before their forces became spread too thin. An alliance between the nascent kingdoms of [[Tapakdore]] and [[Pursat]] with the Asiatic nations to the east successfully stymied attempts to penetrate further into the region and regained ground in [[Khyarvi]] and [[Kulaparkar]] which was restored to its original rulers. Several more incursions by Caliphate jihadis were attempted, but little ground changed hands over the subsequent centuries.
 ===Trade Empire===
-The conquest of most of [[South Punth]] endowed the Oduniyyad Caliphate with significant riches and resources. The Caliphate exploited their near-exclusive access to the production spices and silks from the East to trade with the West. Islamic laws regulated aspects of trade and commerce, offering superior exchanges with fellow Muslims. This created an impetus for peaceful conversion within trade centres of southern Sarpedon which combined with an influx of wealthy merchant-class Muslim immigrants instigated Islamic cultural dominance in the region from  the 10th to 15th centuries. Several Muslim states emerged eternally from the Caliphate in southern Sarpedon during this period, independently ruled, but de facto subject to the authority of the Caliphate. These independent states often threatened and quarrelled with Christian states to the north as well as with Christian subjects within their territories. Due to the vast wealth of the Muslim states accumulated through trade and virtual monopoly over luxury goods, Muslim lords often employed foreign and/or pagan soldiers as mercenaries to consolidate control of trade overland as well as on the seas, engaging in trade wars with Christian neighbours. Despite the plausible deniability conferred by the use of mercenaries and privateers, Muslim lords earned the enmity of their Christian neighbours and this along with the inequitable treatment of Christian subjects would provoke conflict in the near future.
+The conquest of most of [[Alshar]] endowed the Oduniyyad Caliphate with significant riches and resources. The Caliphate exploited their near-exclusive access to the production spices and silks from the East to trade with the West. Islamic laws regulated aspects of trade and commerce, offering superior exchanges with fellow Muslims. This created an impetus for peaceful conversion within trade centres of southern Sarpedon which combined with an influx of wealthy merchant-class Muslim immigrants instigated Islamic cultural dominance in the region from the 10th to 15th centuries. Several Muslim states emerged eternally from the Caliphate in southern Sarpedon during this period, independently ruled, but de facto subject to the authority of the Caliphate. These independent states often threatened and quarrelled with Christian states to the north as well as with Christian subjects within their territories. Due to the vast wealth of the Muslim states accumulated through trade and virtual monopoly over luxury goods, Muslim lords often employed foreign and/or pagan soldiers as mercenaries to consolidate control of trade overland as well as on the seas, engaging in trade wars with Christian neighbours. Despite the plausible deniability conferred by the use of mercenaries and privateers, Muslim lords earned the enmity of their Christian neighbours and this along with the inequitable treatment of Christian subjects would provoke conflict in the near future.
 ===Shia Secession and the Crusades===
 In 1031, /succession of Mogul/Pakistan equivalent, Muslims in [[Punth]], last for around as long as Oduniyyads before getting cleared out for colonialism or maybe as part of colonialism
-{{main|ICrusades}}
+{{main|Crusades}}
-Less than a century later in 1095 the First Crusade was launched in [[Sarpedon]], the final realization of a call to arms which had been openly made since 1063. The Church-sanctioned campaign was one of the largest organized military actions in history at the time and called for all Christian knights who were able and willing to defend Christendom to unite and push back against the Muslim invaders of [[Sarpedon]]. Actual campaign and gains of crusade ought to be clarified.
+Less than a century later in 1084 the First Crusade was launched in [[Sarpedon]], the final realization of a call to arms which had been openly made since 1063. The Church-sanctioned campaign was one of the largest organized military actions in history at the time and called for all Christian knights who were able and willing to defend Christendom to unite and push back against the Muslim invaders of [[Sarpedon]]. Actual campaign and gains of crusade ought to be clarified.
 Like every religion after it's original founder had died, likewise in Islam saw the rising the Shia were a political movement(Arabic shīʿat ʿAlī, literally meaning “party of ʿAlī”) - supporting '''ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib''' as rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammed(since none of his sons lived to adulthood) as rightful descendants since he was both a close confidant and son-in-law since the other Caliphs after Abu Bakr thought to be cursed and unfit for the place of the Prophet; since Umar al-Khaṭṭab was killed by a male slave(and possibly sex slave claimed by Shias) and Uthmān ibn Affān was killed by rioters for continuing massive war campaigns that resulted in overtaxation of the middle class. Many felt relieved of Ali's choice as Caliph and a natural outcome. Nevertheless he never quite received the allegiance of all the Muslims and in an effort to consolidate power, he was forced to wage the first fitnah (“trial”); a serious of campaigns. Ali’s main opponent were the Muslim governors in Punth, kinsmen of the murdered Uthman(many believe this antagonism was a long-aged rivalry pre-unification of the Arab tribes as they had waged religious wars between them as Jewish and Animinist hatred was common). The antagonism between Ali and these men culminated with Ali appeared to be winning until he agreed to a demand for arbitration between him and Muawiyah(Moab). The concession angered a large fraction within both men's forces, and the malcontents soon seceded (and were henceforth known as the Kharijites or “Seceders”), which ultimately both weakened and strengthened Ali’s position. Nevertheless Ali and his son betrayed by his officers were killed by Kharijites including some time later Moab himself but his son's political finesse allowed to quickly recuperate from his losses and reclaim the Prophet's land and allowing Kharijite malcontent to arise.
+===Western Division===
+Beginning in the 11th century, dynastic feuding within the Oduniyyads began to splinter the loyalties of the emirs of the Caliphate. By 1050, two brothers launched rival claims for Caliphal authority, and while that civil war would end by 1072, it proved to both the emirs and second sons of the dynasty that opposition to the sitting Caliph was feasible. Several dynastic feuds would divide the Caliphate during this critical era, as [[Crusades|Occidental Crusaders]] would take advantage of the division and cleave off significant portions of land and many key strategic islands during this period. In 1130, the Caliphate divided into two persistent rival caliphates, with most of [[Audonia]] following the eastern Caliph while the traditional capital, western coast of [[Audonia]], and all [[Sarpedon]] holdings recognized the western Caliph. In the fracture, many satellite territories and tributaries in eastern Audonia and [[Alshar]] broke away and began pursuing an independent foreign policy.
+The Third Crusade would lead to disaster for the Caliph, as Crusader control over the [[Melian Islands]] and establishment of [[Qustantistan]] split lines of supply and communication from [[Audonia]] and [[Sarpedon]] in 1144. While the Islamic emirates in [[Sarpedon]] would continue to nominally recognize the authority of the western Caliph until 1153, it functionally dissolved into approximately 15 independent emirates on the continent.
+The west-east divide would continue for several decades until 1153, when the eastern Caliph managed to broker a deal with powerful satraps in the east, agreeing to give them control over the entire western Caliphate in exchange for their lands. The satraps successfully destroyed the Western Caliphate two years later, governing its extensive lands in the name of the Caliph. The western satraps also began to exert increasing administrative control over the Caliphate, with Caliphal authority beginning to erode by 1160.
+The Fourth Crusade entirely removed Caliphal authority from the west, with most islands in the [[Sea of Istroya]] returning to Christian hands. The independent emirs in [[Sarpedon]] would be gradually destroyed over the coming century.
 ===Decline===
-Control of resources lost to the [[South Punth Caliphate]] until colonialism, sectarianism and infighting lead to problems in [[Audonia]] and [[Ixnay]], open rebellion dismantles the Caliphate and the empire fractures into separate, smaller states
+Control of resources lost to the [[Alshar Caliphate]] until colonialism, sectarianism and infighting lead to problems in [[Audonia]] and [[Sarpedon]], open rebellion dismantles the Caliphate and the empire fractures into separate, smaller states
 ==Geography==
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 On several occasions popular resentment against Jewish conspicuous wealth claiming being usury collected and Christian employment in the government was manifested in public demonstrations. Muslims resorted to arson, burning sanctuaries to express their hatred. Under such pressure, the Rhūm government dismissed Christians from the bureaucracy and ordered all the churches to be closed. As a result of these intermittent persecutions and the destruction of churches, it is believed that the rate of conversion to Islam accelerated markedly in the period and many smaller old Christian sects disappeared. By the end of Caliphical rule, the Muslims reached the same numerical superiority that they enjoy in modern times.
-===Trade===
 ==Culture==
 Arabic had been the language of the bureaucracy since the late 7th century and the language of religion and culture. Moreover, the prevalence of Arabic as a written and spoken language is attested by the discovery of thousands of letters and documents from the 11th century written in Hebrew characters, the actual language of most of these documents is Arabic, which proves that Arabic was widely used even by non-Muslims. The main incentive for learning Arabic must have come from the desire of a subject population to learn the administrative and scholarly language of the ruling and learned elite. The immigration of tribesmen during the early centuries of the occupation, and their intermarriage with the indigenous inhabitants, must also have contributed to the gradual spread of Arabic.
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 This accidental displacement of scholars and artisans wholly account for the efflorescence of certain types of cultural activity. In the same way that they supported the caliphate as a visible symbol of their legitimate claim to rule Islamic territory by cultivating and patronizing religious leaders whose skills they needed in administering their empire and in directing the religious sentiments of the masses into nondisruptive channels. Those divines who cooperated with the state were rewarded with government offices in the case of the '''ʿulamāʾ''' and with endowed '''zāwiyahs''' (monasteries) in the case of the mystics; the Sufis in later years. On the other hand, those who dared criticize the prevailing social and moral order were thrown into prison; even famous legalists that would pave the wave for dissent to sprout out(Xazarites non-conformity despite prosylitazation and Shia early days rising).
 Concrete evidence of the cultural life in an era tied with the economic prosperity can be found chiefly in the fields of architecture and historiography. Dozens of public buildings erected under their patronage are still standing: mosques, madrasahs (colleges), hospitals, zāwiyahs, and caravansaries. Historical writing is monumental, in the form of immense chronicles, biographical dictionaries, and encyclopaedias.
+The Oduniyyad Caliphate at times tolerated non-Muslims through a status of {{wp|dhimmitude}}, particularly [[Audonian Christianity|Audonian Christians]].
 ==Legacy==
 It pertinent to note that even though the Islamic conquests had succeeded in establishing control over vast amounts of territory, it cannot be denied that the invasions had also contributed to the destruction of lives and properties that ensured drastic demographic changes. It led to the dispersal of many cultures and permanent settlement of nomadic tribals as most of them fled the region in fear of the Islamic incursion.
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 [[Category:IXWB]]
 [[Category: Audonia]]
+[[Category: Historical countries]]
+[[Category: Islam]]
+[[Category:Common Core]]