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In the Presidency Act of 1771, the Presidency of Bulkhawan was announced, covering much of the colony of Bulkhawa but ceded some of the western interior to the nomads as they were pushed out and forced to renounce their nomadic traditions. This led to intense bad blood between the colonial state and the locals. Colonial [[Battagnuur]]i knights were brought into to escort the Bedouins from their villages but clashes erupted in a number of areas leading to the massacre of the tribal peoples. In the 840 recorded Bedouin encampments in the area with an estimated population of 969,000 people, only 694 encampments and 539,000 people were successfully relocated. The remainder were assumed killed or dispersed into the vast desert waste. The brutal effectiveness of this dispossession of tribal homelands become a model for colonial powers post-independence powers for centuries afterwards. These “Trails of Trauma” paved the way for a huge boom in colonial growth and land redistribution. Vast areas formally reserved for the Bedouin were settled and huge irrigation projects were started to reclaim parts of the desert that were adjacent to littoral areas. There was even an ambitious plan to dredge a channel to the salt-stripped Chott al-Mouza in [[1793]] that was never realized. | In the Presidency Act of 1771, the Presidency of Bulkhawan was announced, covering much of the colony of Bulkhawa but ceded some of the western interior to the nomads as they were pushed out and forced to renounce their nomadic traditions. This led to intense bad blood between the colonial state and the locals. Colonial [[Battagnuur]]i knights were brought into to escort the Bedouins from their villages but clashes erupted in a number of areas leading to the massacre of the tribal peoples. In the 840 recorded Bedouin encampments in the area with an estimated population of 969,000 people, only 694 encampments and 539,000 people were successfully relocated. The remainder were assumed killed or dispersed into the vast desert waste. The brutal effectiveness of this dispossession of tribal homelands become a model for colonial powers post-independence powers for centuries afterwards. These “Trails of Trauma” paved the way for a huge boom in colonial growth and land redistribution. Vast areas formally reserved for the Bedouin were settled and huge irrigation projects were started to reclaim parts of the desert that were adjacent to littoral areas. There was even an ambitious plan to dredge a channel to the salt-stripped Chott al-Mouza in [[1793]] that was never realized. | ||
Following the start of the [[Kandara|Great Slavers Bay Rebellion]] a similar call to arms led the Bedouins to unite under Ali Malik, becoming known as Malikites, a proto-communist who wanted to rid the Bulkawan Peninsula of colonial influence and establish a collective paradise. Malik gathered a force of 20,000 Bedouin cavalry and rode west to forcibly gather support for his attempts. The following year, [[1824]], he returned with an army of 250,000. It is unclear if these reports are just of combat troops or included his train but regardless it was a sight to behold. The colonial troops balked and retreated with each engagement and the few occidental soldiers and officers did their best to forestall the inevitable. Fearing the loss of their imperial capital and the salt mines, the [[Burgoignesc Kandahar-Kandara Trading Company|Marialanii Ularien Trading Empire]] hastily made treaties across [[Audonia]] and [[Alshar]] and redirected its troops to Presidency of Bulkhawan. A force of 45,000 colonial and imperial troops was formed and force-marched through the desert to meet the Malikites head-on. Arriving at the western edge of the desert in March of [[1825]], the Imperial army set about building a camp and reinforcing its supply lines. The massive, cumbersome western-styled army immediately fell prey to the sprightly and spirited, lightning-fast raids of the Malikite army. Their supply lines disrupted and their supply of food and water dwindling, they made a forced march to the northern coast. 540 men died of starvation and thirst along the way, but the remainder were met by the navy and brought back to Sant Marten. As equatorial winter set in all they decided to wait. Garrisons were established at the salt mines and some recently created farming communities were forcibly abandoned and the men impressed into a militia. January of [[1826]] saw the first attempts by the Malikites to probe the defenses of the colonial forces. The Ben Ghilli Salt Flats came under attack January 12th. A small detachment of Malikite cavalry attacked the forward watch posts and were met with cannon fire from the fortified town. A squadron of | Following the start of the [[Kandara|Great Slavers Bay Rebellion]] a similar call to arms led the Bedouins to unite under Ali Malik, becoming known as Malikites, a proto-communist who wanted to rid the Bulkawan Peninsula of colonial influence and establish a collective paradise. Malik gathered a force of 20,000 Bedouin cavalry and rode west to forcibly gather support for his attempts. The following year, [[1824]], he returned with an army of 250,000. It is unclear if these reports are just of combat troops or included his train but regardless it was a sight to behold. The colonial troops balked and retreated with each engagement and the few occidental soldiers and officers did their best to forestall the inevitable. Fearing the loss of their imperial capital and the salt mines, the [[Burgoignesc Kandahar-Kandara Trading Company|Marialanii Ularien Trading Empire]] hastily made treaties across [[Audonia]] and [[Alshar]] and redirected its troops to Presidency of Bulkhawan. A force of 45,000 colonial and imperial troops was formed and force-marched through the desert to meet the Malikites head-on. Arriving at the western edge of the desert in March of [[1825]], the Imperial army set about building a camp and reinforcing its supply lines. The massive, cumbersome western-styled army immediately fell prey to the sprightly and spirited, lightning-fast raids of the Malikite army. Their supply lines disrupted and their supply of food and water dwindling, they made a forced march to the northern coast. 540 men died of starvation and thirst along the way, but the remainder were met by the navy and brought back to Sant Marten. As equatorial winter set in all they decided to wait. Garrisons were established at the salt mines and some recently created farming communities were forcibly abandoned and the men impressed into a militia. January of [[1826]] saw the first attempts by the Malikites to probe the defenses of the colonial forces. The Ben Ghilli Salt Flats came under attack January 12th. A small detachment of Malikite cavalry attacked the forward watch posts and were met with cannon fire from the fortified town. A squadron of [[Battganuur]]i knights and [[Umardwal|Umardi]] Sipahis were dispatched to try to find the main Malitike force. | ||
=== Early modern era === | |||
==== | === Contemporary era=== | ||
The 20th century in Bulkh saw the rapid adoption of [[Occidental]] memes such as industrialism, capitalism, urbanization, but development has been uneven, mostly occurring in its coastal regions. Following the [[First Great War]], and especially after the [[Second Great War]], Bulkh was rapidly increased its adoption of secularism, and democracy and its cultural and economic ties with [[Burgundie]]. The nation signed a constitution in [[1906]] and became a secular republic. This government set about a series of invasive modernization policies that were not popular, but any resistance was quashed by a corrupt but loyal police force and army. During the [[Second Great War]] [[Burgundie]] and Bulkh were allied against the anti-colonial powers of [[Audonia]] and [[Alshar]] and this arrangement made the government and elite incredibly rich. This income disparity as well as the [[Occidental]]ization caused a rift in the nation that ultimately led to a communist insurgency in the western part of the country during the 1960s-80s. During this period the government further embraced [[Burgundie]] and became a rising star in the globalizing world. It has become a stable global trading partner for nations and has developed a strong manufacturing sector that rivals any in the [[Middle seas region]]. Today, Bulkh is a key second tier manufacturing hub for industrializing nations and nations with moderate and lower incomes. It is also serves as a point of power projection for [[Burgundie]] in the [[Audonia]]/[[Alshar]]i interface zone, through which it also conducts its own modest power projection. | |||
====Bulkh People's Republic==== | ====Bulkh People's Republic==== | ||
In [[1964]], communist insurgents from [[Umardwal]] spilled into the eastern provinces of Bulkh and established a People's Republic. Federal forces attempted to route the insurgents but the vast desert and lack of development in the region led to a long and tedious campaign of attrition. A formal People's Republic of Bulkh was accepted by a referendum of the people of the western provinces in [[1968]]. At this time the [[Burgundie]] extended Operation Kipling to include the [[Bulkh#Bulkh_People's_Republic|Bulkh People's Republic]]. | |||
From [[1968]]-[[1982]] the Bulkh People's Republic (BPR) was a break away region of Bulkh that hosted its own {{wpl|agrarian socialist}} government and society. It rose in opposition to the increasingly urbanist, industrialist, and capitalist society that was forming in the aftermath of the [[Second Great War]]. Its center of power was in the market settlement of Tall Diwabjah. Despite its aims, the BPR was never successful in its attempts to fully realize its socialist ideals as it occupied mostly inarable, inhospitable desert and was, from [[1974]] until its defeat in [[1982]], constantly at war with government forces. | |||
The BPR was most of a political movement than a defacto state and the population it oversaw were largely Bedouin nomads and transient herders who owed no particular allegiance to the BPR's government. It did some international recognition from other communist and socialist states but it was never seriously considered by most nations and had no trade arrangements with any other states. In its own internal census of [[1980]] it reported to have a population of 325,493 people, but the government of Bulkh has never reported more than 25,390 people in the areas under BPR control in the [[1965]] or [[1985]] censuses of the regions. | |||
The BPR did enact a number of land-use policies that took away what nascent private property laws had been enacted in the early 20th century, but their was very little privately held property in the regions they controlled so these reforms were largely symbolic. The government created a Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Army which boasted, on average, 5,000 troops and a further 15,000 guerillas. While not significant in number these troops were enough to engage, confound, and occasionally defeat the Army of Bulkh throughout the 70s. | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||