Kiravic Coscivian: Difference between revisions

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Kiravic is a highly {{wp|synthetic language|synthetic}} language that encodes a great deal of grammatical and semantic information in single words through use of relational morphemes (as is evident in the formation ''ápniverþē'', "in any other book"), and frequently derives new words through processes of compounding. It is noted for its complex array of {{wp|determiners}} and adpositional {{wp|noun cases}}, as well as for its {{wp|deontic mood|deontic}} mood. Kiravic is an {{wp|Ergative-absolutive language|ergative-absolutive language}} in terms of morphosyntactic alignment. As in other Cosco-Adratic languages, a great deal of grammatical information that most languages communicate through verb conjugation, such as {{wp|grammatical tense|tense}}, {{wp|grammatical aspect|aspect}}, and {{wp|grammatical mood|mood}} is instead expressed through a large number of specific absolutive cases. Also like other Cosco-Adratic languages, Kiravic has a very high relative abundance of nouns and adjectives over verbs: By most counts, there are some 50-70 Kiravic verbs, depending on the dialect and the degree to which certain foreign loans such as ''gib'' are considered. Though unusual among world languages, this is not as extreme as in some related Cosco-Adratic languages, which have as few as 3 true verbs, and as [[Hizolami]], which may have no verbs at all.
Kiravic is a highly {{wp|synthetic language|synthetic}} language that encodes a great deal of grammatical and semantic information in single words through use of relational morphemes (as is evident in the formation ''ápniverþē'', "in any other book"), and frequently derives new words through processes of compounding. It is noted for its complex array of {{wp|determiners}} and adpositional {{wp|noun cases}}, as well as for its {{wp|deontic mood|deontic}} mood. Kiravic is an {{wp|Ergative-absolutive language|ergative-absolutive language}} in terms of morphosyntactic alignment. As in other Cosco-Adratic languages, a great deal of grammatical information that most languages communicate through verb conjugation, such as {{wp|grammatical tense|tense}}, {{wp|grammatical aspect|aspect}}, and {{wp|grammatical mood|mood}} is instead expressed through a large number of specific absolutive cases. Also like other Cosco-Adratic languages, Kiravic has a very high relative abundance of nouns and adjectives over verbs: By most counts, there are some 50-70 Kiravic verbs, depending on the dialect and the degree to which certain foreign loans such as ''gib'' are considered. Though unusual among world languages, this is not as extreme as in some related Cosco-Adratic languages, which have as few as 3 true verbs, and as [[Hizolami]], which may have no verbs at all.


Genealogically speaking, Kiravic Coscivian is derived from the late variety of [[Iatic Coscivian]] (now called High Coscivian) that was used as an administrative language and ''lingua franca'' in the Coscivian colonies of the eastern seaboard. It has, especially in its various regional dialects, absorbed vocabulary from other Coscivian languages, Celtic languages, and Kirhavite Aboriginal languages, to the extent that some linguists consider it to be a formalised {{wp|creole language|creole}}. There are three distinct literary registers of the language, ''Nohærikiravirona'', ''Oskandikiravirona'', and ''Ixtikiravirona'', with recognisably different conventions as to vocabulary, syntax, orthography, and style.
Genealogically speaking, Kiravic Coscivian belongs to the Kironic languages, a division of the Trans-Kiravian language family. Its closest living relatives are [[Languages of Kiravia|Dir]] (~8,000 speakers) and [[Languages of Kiravia|Kinnír]] (~50,000 speakers). It has, especially in its various regional dialects, absorbed vocabulary from other Coscivian languages, Celtic languages, and Kirhavite Aboriginal languages, to the extent that some linguists consider it to be a formalised {{wp|creole language|creole}}. There are three distinct literary registers of the language, ''Nohærikiravirona'', ''Oskandikiravirona'', and ''Ixtikiravirona'', with recognisably different conventions as to vocabulary, syntax, orthography, and style.


==History==
==History==
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*'''Form III -''' Absolutive ''-n'', ''-r'', ''-m''  ⇒ genitive ''-sk''<br>
*'''Form III -''' Absolutive ''-n'', ''-r'', ''-m''  ⇒ genitive ''-sk''<br>
*'''Form IV -''' Absolutive ''-k''  ⇒ genitive ''-idek''<br>
*'''Form IV -''' Absolutive ''-k''  ⇒ genitive ''-idek''<br>
Regular declension paradigms for the grammatical and absolutive cases of Forms I-III nouns are laid out below:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form I - ''istuv''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | istu'''k'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | istu'''l'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yá'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | istu'''m'''
| colspan="2" | istu'''yam'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| istu'''v'''
| istu'''vi'''
| istu'''ya'''
| istu'''yi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| istu'''ve'''
| istu'''véi'''
| istu'''yave'''
| istu'''yavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| istu'''vo'''
| istu'''vói'''
| istu'''yavo'''
| istu'''yavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| istu'''vu'''
| istu'''vúi'''
| istu'''yavu'''
| istu'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form II - ''rona''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | rona'''k'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''æk'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | ron'''á'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''æ'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | rona'''m'''
| colspan="2" | ron'''ám'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| rona
| rona'''vi'''
| ron'''áv'''
| ron'''ávi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| rona'''ve'''
| rona'''véi'''
| ron'''áve'''
| ron'''ávéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| rona'''vo'''
| rona'''vói'''
| ron'''ávo'''
| ron'''ávói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| rona'''vu'''
| rona'''vúi'''
| ron'''ávu'''
| ron'''ávúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
<br>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form III (''n'' stem) - ''vālin''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | vāli'''th'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''nyak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | vāli'''sk'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''skya'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | vāli'''nt'''
| colspan="2" | vāli'''ntya'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| vāli'''n'''
| vāli'''sti'''
| vāli'''nyav'''
| vāl'''inyavi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| vāli'''ste'''
| vāli'''stéi'''
| vāli'''nyave'''
| vāli'''nyavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| vāli'''sto'''
| vāli'''stói'''
| vāli'''nyavo'''
| vāli'''nyavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| vāli'''stu'''
| vāli'''stúi'''
| vāli'''nyavu'''
| vālin'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-style:italic; text-align:center; font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Form III (''r'' stem) - ''kenor''
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Case
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Ergative
| colspan="2" | kenor'''th'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''yak'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Genitive
| colspan="2" | kenor'''sk'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''skya'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:#000000; font-style:normal; text-align:left;" | Indirect
| colspan="2" | kenor'''d'''
| colspan="2" | kenor'''dya'''
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background-color:#00d2cb;" | Absolutives
|- style="font-style:normal;"
| style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Number
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Nonplural
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#cbcbcb; color:#333333;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:normal; text-align:left; background-color:#dae8fc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | Aspect
| style="text-align:center;" | Imperfect
| Perfect
| Imperfect
| Perfect
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Present
| kenor
| kenor'''sti'''
| kenor'''yav'''
| kenor'''yavi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Past
| kenor'''ste'''
| kenor'''stéi'''
| kenor'''yave'''
| kenor'''yavéi'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Future
| kenor'''sto'''
| kenor'''stói'''
| kenor'''yavo'''
| kenor'''yavói'''
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0; font-style:normal;" | Jussive
| kenor'''stu'''
| kenor'''stúi'''
| kenor'''yavu'''
| kenor'''yavúi'''
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}


====Grammatical cases====
====Grammatical cases====
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<br>
<br>
"The person pushed the case"          /      "The person pushed the bucket"
"The person pushed the case"          /      "The person pushed the bucket"


====Constructive cases====
====Constructive cases====
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