Santiago

Santiago state symbols
Santiago state symbols
	Flag of Santiago
	Seal of Santiago
Living insignia
Amphibian	Hyla cinerea
Bird	Calypte anna
Butterfly	Trogonoptera brookiana
Flower	Nerium
Mammal	Land: Panthera onca (State animal); Marine: Common bottlenose dolphin;
Reptile	Crotaphytus collaris
Tree	Syagrus romanzoffiana
Inanimate insignia
Dinosaur	Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis
Food	Papaya
Fossil	Paradoxides
Gemstone	Peridot
Mineral	Beryl
Motto	Ex amicitia
Nickname	The Meridian State
Shell	Fighting conch
Song	Hino santiaguino
	List of Cartadanian state symbols

Santiago
Santiago
State
	State of Santiago; Estado de Santiago
	Flag Seal
	Nickname: The Meridian State
	Motto: Ex amicitia
	Anthem: Hino santiaguino
	Map of Cartadania with Santiago highlighted
Country	Cartadania
Before statehood	Regio Sancti
Admitted to the Union	5 January 1611 (3rd)
Capital	Suriana
Largest city	Newport
Largest metro	Greater Newport
Government
• Governor	Matteo Castano
• Lieutenant Governor	Amari Enseña
Legislature	Santiago State Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Emissaries
Judiciary	Supreme Court of Santiago
Senators	3
Chamber delegation	60
Area
• Total	392,927 km2 (151,710 sq mi)
• Rank	2nd
Elevation	306 m (1,004 ft)
Highest elevation (Meridian Apex)	3,428.8 m (11,249.3 ft)
Lowest elevation (Jordas Bay)	0 m (0 ft)
Population (2027)
• Total	43,880,933
• Rank	2nd
• Density	165.3/km2 (428.2/sq mi)
• Median household income	€62,659
• Income rank	26th
Demonym(s)	Santiaguino(a); Santiagan
Language
• Official language	Cartadanian
• Spoken language	Pelaxian; Latin;
Time zone	UTC-1:00 (Central Standard Time)
CCor abbreviation	CA-SG
Trad. abbreviation	Stgo.
Website	www.santiago.gov.ca

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Santiago, officially the State of Santiago (Cartadanian: Estado de Santiago), is the second-largest and second-most populous state in Cartadania, located in the country's Luson region situated southeast of Carina Bay. With a population of approximately 43.9 million residents, Santiago is a highly influential state and a major powerhouse within the country, known for its large agricultural sector, impressive architectural heritage, and stunning natural landscapes.

Santiago originally emerged from the lands of western Verona, which was twice its current size before it was partitioned into the states of Trentino and Santiago. Santiago has been an autonomous province since 1593, after which it gained considerable political and economic influence in what would become Cartadania. Its large size and fertile lands have earned it the nickname "breadbasket" of the country. The state capital, Suriana, is located in the state's northwestern interior, just east of Umi ridge, a topographic isolate range separated from the southern ranges by Haiki Pass. The Newport-Carina Metro Area, with a population of 10.5 million residents, is Santiago's most populous urban region, and the third-most populous metropolitan area in Cartadania. The major anchor of the metropolitan area is Newport, the second-most populous city in the country, with 4.1 million residents.

Santiago's landscape is marked by mountains, valleys, and large areas of fertile land. The Matai Mountains, Sete Lagoas, Baixa Cordillera, and Lagoa Santissima offer an abundance of attractions such as caves and waterfalls, which draw large tourism populations each year. The state is also renowned for its heritage of architecture and colonial art in historical cities such as São Caexias, Espiga, Asturia, Diamantina, Itaquagança, Aracha, Santiga, and Guarugoinhas.

Santiago's €3.6 trillion economy is the second-largest in Cartadania, with a per capita personal income of €61,870 in 2029, ranking 15th in the nation. Santiago's low unemployment rate, which was 2.7% in June of the same year, ranked as the 1st in Cartadania. The state's economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, defense, and transportation, with significant development beginning in the late 18th century. Santiago's large population and robust economy also give it considerable influence in national politics, with the state voting almost overwhelmingly in favor of socialdemocracia (SDP) candidates, which, when paired with Verona, can nearly determine an election with their combined 164 electors. Santiago is also home to some of the country's largest universities, with the University of Santiago, the flagship university, ranking among the top ten public universities in the country. Santiago is consistently ranked among the ten overall best states based on metrics such as governance, healthcare, education, and economic opportunity, making it a significant player in the country's economic and political landscape.

Etymology

The name of the state, Santiago, has its roots in the imperial naming conventions of Cartadania. The original name, Sancti, was derived from the Latin term "Sancti Iacobu," meaning "saint," which is believed to refer to Saint James, the patron saint of Cartadania. The name Sancti was used to refer to the region of western Verona, which included the area that would later become the state of Santiago. Over time, the name evolved into Santiago, which has been used since the early 17th century to refer to the region.

The name Santiago has since become synonymous with the state and its people, representing the region's rich cultural heritage and historical significance. The state of Santiago is known for its important role in the development of Cartadanian society and its contributions to the nation's growth and prosperity.

History

Santiago's rich and diverse history is deeply intertwined with the history of Cartadania as a whole. The region that is now Santiago was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, who thrived off the land's bountiful resources, including fertile soil and plentiful water sources. Latin explorers first arrived in the area in the late 11th century, and over the following centuries, Santiago's strategic location made it a hub of commerce and trade.

During the colonial period, Santiago was part of the Caphirian Imperium and was known as the region of Sancti. The Caphirians established numerous settlements throughout the region, including Suriana, which would later become the capital of Santiago. However, the colonial era was marked by widespread exploitation and mistreatment of the indigenous population, as well as the forced labor of enslaved people brought over to work on the region's large sugar and coffee plantations.

In the early 17th century, Santiago played a key role in the movement for Cartadanian independence from Caphiria. The region's strategic location made it an important center for resistance movements, and many important figures in the fight for independence hailed from Santiago. After a long, drawnout struggle, Cartadania finally gained its independence in 1618, and Santiago became one of the country's first states, ratifying the constitution 5 January 1619. One of the most significant events in Santiago's recent history was the Ano Roxo, a period of political turmoil and violence that lasted from 1697 to 1698, a part of the larger Luson Rebellion from 1697 to 1710. During this time, the country was ruled by a minoritarian elite government, and many citizens were oppressed for their stature in Cartadanian society, especially as it pertained to wealth and income. Santiago was one of the regions hardest hit by the violence of the Ano Roxo, alongside Alexandria and Verona, and many of its citizens suffered greatly during this dark period in Cartadanian history.

During the 18th century, Santiago experienced significant growth and development in various sectors. The state's economy began to diversify beyond just agriculture, with the establishment of transportation networks and defense infrastructure. The development of the gold and diamond mining industry in the region also contributed to the state's economic growth during this period. The mining towns of Diamantina and Guarugoinhas were established during this time and became important centers of commerce and culture.

Culturally, Santiago also experienced a golden age during the 18th century, with the rise of the Baroque architectural style and the flourishing of music and literature. Many of the state's cities, such as São Caexias and Espiga, feature magnificent examples of Baroque architecture, with ornate churches and palaces built during this period. Santiago also produced several notable writers and musicians during this time, including the poet Ximon de Sant Biçente and the composer Luis de la Cruz.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Santiago continued to play a vital role in Cartadanian history. The region was a major center of agriculture, and its large population made it an important center for industry and commerce. However, the state also faced its share of challenges, including economic instability, political corruption, and periods of social unrest.

Despite these challenges, Santiago has remained a vital and vibrant part of Cartadania. Today, the state is a major economic powerhouse, with a thriving tourism industry, strong agricultural sector, and a growing technology sector. Santiago's rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, and dynamic economy continue to make it one of the most important and influential states in the country.

Geography

Santiago is nestled in the western portion of the Luson region, a vast and diverse landscape that stretches from along the southeastern coast of the Carina Bay to the Attalus Bay, home to the bulk of Cartadania's population. Bordered by five other states, Santiago boasts a vast expanse of 265,430.7 square kilometers (102,483.4 sq mi), making it the second-largest state in Cartadania, second only to Verona. Santiago's topography is a blend of towering mountains, rolling hills, vast plains, and a meandering coastline with a boundary that stretches over 225 kilometers (140 mi) offshore.

Santiago is home to Meridian Apex (Apex Meridiana), a prominent peak towering at an elevation of 3,429 meters (11,250 ft) above sea level, which makes it the seventh highest peak in the country. Located near the center of the state, this natural landmark is often associated with Santiago's nickname, "The Meridian State." The topography of Santiago is characterized by stark contrasts, with much of the state's southern and western regions being relatively flat, with an elevation of below 91 meters (299 ft). However, there are exceptions, such as the picturesque Clearwater, where stunning promontories rise 15 to 30 meters above the water, creating a mesmerizing spectacle that is completely different from the flat surrounding areas.

The central and eastern regions of Santiago, particularly those located 249 kilometers (155 mi) or more away from the coastline, have a more undulating topography, with rolling hills rising between 30 to 76 meters (98 to 249 ft). These regions, particularly the Cerrado, are critical to Santiago's economy as they account for over 60% of the state's agriculture. The majority of crops exported from Santiago grow in the Cerrado, a natural savannah region that boasts fertile soils, bountiful wildlife, and a colorful flora. East of the Cerrado, on the border with Verona, lies the Pantanal, a vast wetland region that is home to the country's largest flooded grasslands. The Pantanal, which spans across the state boundary into Verona, is also home to Verona's famous Everglades park, an ecological paradise that is a testament to the country's commitment to preserving its natural heritage.

Thus, with its varied topography, lush vegetation, and scenic landscapes, Santiago is a land of contrasts, a place where rugged mountains blend with rolling hills and vast plains, making it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.

Climate

Santiago's geography and location provide a rich diversity of climates across the state. The northern region of the state experiences an equatorial climate, characterized by abundant rainfall and high humidity. This climate is conducive to the growth of a variety of crops, including rice, soybeans, corn, and sugar cane. The tropical monsoon climate in the north also makes it an ideal location for the cultivation of tropical fruits such as oranges, mangoes, papayas, and bananas.

In contrast, the southern region of the state is more arid, with a tropical savanna climate. The lower precipitation levels in this region make it suitable for crops that can withstand drier conditions, such as cotton. Despite the drier conditions, the south is still able to support a variety of crops due to the fertile soil and moderate temperatures.

The coastal regions of Santiago also experience a tropical monsoon climate, with abundant rainfall and high humidity. This climate, combined with the proximity to the sea, creates an ideal environment for the growth of seafood and fish, which are important to the state's economy.

While Santiago's location near the equator means that it experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year, the state's position on the southeastern coast of the Carina Bay protects it from some of the more extreme weather patterns. However, the state is still vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms during the rainy season, which lasts from November to May. Santiago's favorable climate supports a diverse range of crops and industries, including the state's status as the nation's largest producer of coffee. With its varied climates and fertile soils, Santiago is an agricultural powerhouse that plays a vital role in Cartadania's economy.

Geology

Santiago's geology is diverse, with a variety of rock types found throughout the state. The state's bedrock is primarily composed of ancient Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks, which were formed over 500 million years ago. These rocks include gneiss, schist, granite, and other metamorphic rocks. In the Cerrado region of Santiago, there are also significant deposits of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale.

One notable feature of Santiago's geology is its abundance of peridot and beryl. Peridot, the state gemstone, is a green mineral that is commonly found in volcanic rocks. It is often associated with basaltic lavas, and indeed many of the peridot deposits in Santiago are found in volcanic rocks. Beryl, the state mineral, is a mineral that forms in pegmatites, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks that form when magma cools slowly. Santiago's pegmatites are particularly rich in beryl, with deposits of aquamarine and emerald also found in the state.

In addition to peridot and beryl, Santiago has significant deposits of other minerals such as iron ore, copper, and gold. The state's mineral wealth has played an important role in its economy, with mining being a significant industry in many parts of the state.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1900	4,895,304	—
1910	5,032,842	+2.8%
1920	5,689,348	+13.0%
1930	7,485,734	+31.6%
1940	8,723,475	+16.5%
1950	9,876,265	+13.2%
1960	13,043,482	+32.1%
1970	16,805,086	+28.8%
1980	19,823,705	+18.0%
1990	24,928,343	+25.8%
2000	29,187,001	+17.1%
2010	36,082,312	+23.6%
2020	39,511,659	+9.5%
2030	43,880,933	+11.1%

Santiago, the second-largest state in Cartadania, is home to a diverse and vibrant population. As per the latest census conducted by the Cartadania Office of the Census in 2030, the state's population stood at 43,880,933, making it the second-most populous state in the country. Santiago's population density is 165.3 per square kilometer, which ranks it as the seventh-most densely populated state. The state's population is a rich blend of different ethnicities and cultures, with a majority of the residents being of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The state is also home to a significant number of indigenous people who have been living in the region for centuries. Santiago's population has been growing steadily over the years, driven by factors such as natural population growth, immigration, and urbanization. The state's urban areas are densely populated, while its rural areas are sparsely populated. Santiago's population is highly educated, with a literacy rate of 98%, and the state is home to some of the country's top universities and research institutions.

Ancestry

Santiago's diverse population is a reflection of the country's long and complex history, with a blend of various ethnicities and cultural backgrounds. As of the latest census data in 2030, the population of Santiago was approximately 43,880,933, making it the second-most populous state in Cartadania.

The largest ethnic group, the Pardo or Cartadanian, constitutes over half of the population at 51.9%. This group represents the mixed-ethnic heritage that is common throughout Cartadania. The second-largest group, comprising 13.7% of the population, is of Latinate or northern Levantine descent with a strong influence from neighboring Alexandria in the northeastern coastal region around New Venceia. In addition to these two groups, Santiago is also home to significant populations of Pelaxian, Cronan, Coscivian, and Alshari ethnicities, which make up 16.4%, 6.6%, 2.4%, and 2.4% of the population, respectively. The remaining 6.6% of the population consists of various Indigenous peoples, who reflect the rich cultural diversity of the region.

Santiago's demographics are constantly changing due to immigration and migration, as well as natural population growth. As a result, Santiago's population continues to evolve and reflect the cultural and ethnic diversity that characterizes Cartadania as a whole.

Languages

Santiago, like the rest of Cartadania, is a land of many languages, where diverse linguistic communities have long coexisted. While the official language of government, business, and education is Cartadanian, the presence of Pelaxian speakers is significant, comprising approximately 34% of the population. The General Assembly recognizes this linguistic diversity and allows for the combined use of both Cartadanian and Pelaxian languages. The mutual intelligibility of these two languages, which stands at an impressive 90%, means that signage and other forms of communication can often remain in one language without the need for translation into the other.

Additionally, approximately 18% of Santiago's population speaks a mother language other than Cartadanian or Pelaxian at home, highlighting the rich linguistic tapestry that characterizes the state's cultural identity. This diverse range of linguistic communities contributes to the unique character of Santiago and its rich cultural heritage.

As of 2030, the majority of Santiago's population speaks Cartadanian as their first language. The second most widely spoken language is Pelaxian, which is spoken by approximately a third of the population. The influence of nearby Pelaxia is clear in Santiago's linguistic landscape. English is also spoken by approximately 23% of the population. Other languages are represented by less than 1% each, reflecting the diversity of Santiago's multicultural identity. Overall, Santiago's linguistic diversity adds to its rich cultural heritage and unique character.

Religion

Santiago's religious landscape reflects its complex and diverse history, shaped by both its geographic location and its former status as a Caphirian colony. The state's proximity to Urcea, a nation renowned for its Catholic identity, has also had a significant impact on the development of Santiago's religious landscape.

The Catholic Church remains the dominant religious institution in Santiago, with approximately 57% of the population identifying as Catholic. This can be attributed to the historical influence of Catholicism in Caphiria, which was the dominant religion in the region during the colonial era. In addition to its historical significance, Catholicism has also played an important role in Santiago's cultural traditions, with many of the state's cultural celebrations being linked to the Church. Despite Catholicism's continued dominance in Santiago, the state also has a notable irreligious community, comprising approximately 27% of the population. This community reflects the growing trend of secularism in Cartadania, as more and more citizens move away from traditional religious institutions.

Alongside its Christian and irreligious communities, Santiago also has a small but significant population of non-Christian religious groups, with approximately 14% of the population identifying as members of other faiths. This reflects the growing diversity of Cartadanian society, as citizens of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds bring their own religious traditions to the country.

Despite the diversity of religious beliefs within Santiago, the separation of church and state remains a fundamental principle of Cartadanian life. Nonetheless, the influence of Catholicism can still be observed in various aspects of the state, from its cultural celebrations to the practices of its government. This reflects the complex and multifaceted history of Santiago and its place within the broader context of Cartadanian society.

Government

Santiago's state government, which has been functioning since 1593, is located in Suriana, the state capital and the second-largest city in the state. However, its present form of government was established in 1619, reflecting the state's long-standing history and tradition of democratic governance. The state government is based on the principles of the separation of powers and checks and balances. It is organized into three distinct branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial, each with specific responsibilities and duties.

Executive branch

Matteo Castano, Governor

Amari Ensenha, Lt. Governor

The executive branch is one of the three branches of government in Santiago and is responsible for implementing and enforcing state laws and policies. It is headed by the governor, who is elected every four years by the citizens of Santiago and may serve a maximum of two terms. The governor is tasked with managing the state's resources and finances, as well as overseeing various departments and agencies that make up the governor's cabinet. These departments and agencies include the Department of Education, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Health and Human Services, among others.

Currently, the 56th Governor of Santiago is Matteo Castano, who serves as the state's chief executive officer and commander-in-chief of the state's militia. The Lieutenant Governor of Santiago is Amari Ensenha, who serves as president of the Santiago Senate and is first in the line of succession to the governor. The Attorney General is another key member of the executive branch, serving as the chief legal advisor to the governor and the State Legislature, as well as the head of the Department of Justice. In the event of a vacancy in all three executive offices of governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, the Orator Princeps of the Santiago House of Emissaries assumes the role of governor.

Legislative branch

Santiago's legislative branch is an essential part of its state government, tasked with creating laws and regulations that govern the state. The branch is known as the Santiago State Legislature and is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Emissaries.

The Senate is the upper chamber of the legislature and is made up of 45 senators, each representing a different district in the state. Senators are elected to six-year terms, with a third of the Senate being up for election every two years. The Senate is responsible for passing laws and confirming executive appointments, among other duties.

The House of Emissaries, on the other hand, is the lower chamber of the legislature, with 100 members representing districts throughout Santiago. The members of the House of Emissaries are elected every two years and serve staggered six-year terms. The House of Emissaries has the primary responsibility for initiating bills related to the appropriation of funds and revenue-raising measures.

Together, the two houses of the Santiago State Legislature work to create laws that benefit the people of Santiago. The legislative process involves introducing bills, debating them in committee, and eventually voting on them in each house of the legislature. Once a bill is passed by both houses, it is sent to the governor for approval or veto. If the governor approves the bill, it becomes law, but if the governor vetoes it, the legislature may override the veto with a two-thirds majority vote in each house.

Judicial branch

Santiago's state court system is a vital component of the state's government structure. The court system comprises several different courts with varying jurisdictions, each with a unique role to play in administering justice in the state. One interesting aspect of the Santiago court system is the method of judicial selection. Santiago, along with Alexandria and Milan, uses a legislative selection method for choosing judges. This means that the state legislature, rather than the Governor or a judicial nominating commission, is responsible for selecting judges. This method has been in use in Santiago since before it gained statehood and has remained a unique feature of the state's judiciary.

At the highest level is the Santiago Supreme Court, which serves as the court of last resort for the state. Established in 1619, the Supreme Court has seven judgeships, each appointed and confirmed by the Senate. The court hears appeals from the lower courts, including the Court of Appeals and the Circuit Courts, and it may also issue advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by the Governor or the state legislature.

The Court of Appeals of Santiago, established in 1974, is an intermediate appellate court that serves as the bridge between the lower courts and the Supreme Court. The court has 15 judges, each appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. These judges serve eight-year terms, and they hear appeals from the Circuit Courts, the County Courts, and administrative agencies.

In addition to the appellate courts, Santiago's court system includes several trial courts. The Circuit Courts are the only trial courts with general jurisdiction in Santiago, and there is one circuit court in each of the state's 91 counties. Circuit court judges hear both criminal and civil cases and have the authority to hear appeals from the County Courts. The Santiago County Courts, on the other hand, have limited jurisdiction and handle civil disputes below a certain threshold, citizen disputes such as traffic offenses and misdemeanor criminal offenses, and minor monetary disputes. There is one county court in each county of the state.

Local government

Santiago's local governments are responsible for governing their respective jurisdictions, as granted by the government of Santiago. The creation of these governments is outlined in both the Santiago Constitution and the Santiago Statutes. Local governments are established in Santiago through special acts of the Santiago State Legislature, and are given varying amounts of non-exclusive authority.

There are four types of local governments in Santiago: counties, municipalities, school districts, and special districts. In some instances, municipal and county governments have merged into a consolidated government, while smaller municipalities can exist within a consolidated municipality/county. Multiple consolidated governments have existed in the past, though currently none exist, with most opting to revert to the standard model. Both counties and municipalities may have a legislative branch, which consists of either a board or council, and an executive branch, typically headed by a mayor or manager. Local police departments are also established within the jurisdictions of counties and municipalities, though violations are brought before a county court. Counties and municipalities are authorized to pass laws, levy taxes, and provide public services within their jurisdictions.

In Santiago, all areas are located within a county, but only some have been incorporated into municipalities. Additionally, all municipalities are located within a county and are subject to the county's jurisdiction. In cases where a conflict arises between a county ordinance and a municipal ordinance, the municipal ordinance generally takes precedence within the municipality's borders. However, if the overlaying county has been designated a charter county by the Santiago State Legislature, the county's ordinances will take precedence.

Santiago

Contents

Etymology

History