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Holy Levantine Empire: Difference between revisions
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{ | {{wip}} | ||
{{Infobox former country | |||
| native_name = ''Sacrum Levanum Imperium (Latin)'' | |||
| conventional_long_name = Holy Levantine Empire | |||
| common_name = Ìmpireador Naomh Levánach (Lebhan) | |||
| image_flag = HLE Flag.png | |||
| flag_caption = | |||
| image_coat = | |||
| symbol_type = | |||
| image_map = | |||
| image_map_caption = | |||
| image_map2 = | |||
| map_caption2 = | |||
| stat_area1 = | |||
| stat_year1 = | |||
| national_motto = Regnat Deus super Terra | |||
| era = | |||
| national_anthem = | |||
| life_span = 761 AD-1935 AD | |||
| event_start = | |||
| year_start = | |||
| date_end = | |||
| date_start = | |||
| event1 = Formation | |||
| date_event1 = 761 AD | |||
| event2 = Dissolution | |||
| date_event2 = 1935 AD | |||
| event3 = | |||
| date_event3 = | |||
| event4 = | |||
| date_event4 = | |||
| event5 = | |||
| date_event5 = | |||
| event_end = | |||
| year_end = | |||
| p1 = | |||
| s1 = | |||
| common_languages = {{plainlist| | |||
* Latin | |||
* Istroyan, Lebhan, High Celtic, High Gothic | |||
}} | |||
| government_type = Electoral Confederal Monarchy | |||
| title_leader = [[Emperor of the Levantines]] | |||
| leader1 = Conchobar I | |||
| year_leader1 = 761-805 | |||
| leader2 = | |||
| year_leader2 = | |||
| title_deputy = | |||
| deputy1 = | |||
| year_deputy1 = | |||
| deputy2 = | |||
| year_deputy2 = | |||
| capital = [[Corcra (City)|Corcra]] | |||
| legislature = [[Imperial Diet]] | |||
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] | |||
| currency = [[Taler]] | |||
| royal_anthem = | |||
| demonym = | |||
| area_km2 = | |||
| area_rank = | |||
| GDP_PPP = | |||
| GDP_PPP_year = | |||
| HDI = | |||
| HDI_year = | |||
| event_pre= | |||
}} | |||
The '''Holy Levantine Empire''' (Latin: ''Sacrum Levanum Imperium'', Lebhan: ''Ìmpireador Naomh Levánach''), also called the '''Levantine Empire''' until 1228, was a multi-ethnic confederation in [[Levantia]] that developed during the Early Middle Ages and at times included as many as 200 polities. Over the course of its history, the Empire had come to be constituted by the Kingdom of [[Ultmar]], Kingdom of [[Dericania]], and [[Imperial Kingdom of Urcea|Kingdom of Urcea]]. | |||
Formed at the beginning of the Medieval Era as the Kingdom of [[Gallawa]] set itself over most of western continental Levantia, the Holy Levantine Empire remained a geopolitical fixture, being an important diplomatic institution in Levantia, in Christendom, and globally. During the High Middle Ages, the Empire was the dominant political and economic power in Levantia and exercised wide-reaching influence over the whole [[Occidental]] world. Due to various legal reforms, including failures to centralize in the early modern era, the Empire became less of a state but more so a supranational confederation of mostly sovereign entities by the time of [[The Anarchy]]. Re-stabilized after the [[Great Confessional War]], the Empire enjoyed a period of stability and peace until the [[Caroline Wars]] put [[Urcea]] on an antagonistic footing with the Empire, a period called the [[Recess of the Julii]]. This, combined with the question of the [[Two Derics]] and the [[First Fratricide]] followed by a general period of chaos in the 19th century lead to crippling instability within the Empire by the dawn of the 20th century. | |||
While the direct cause of its collapse is a matter of considerable scholarly debate, the direct result was a conflict over its continued existence that became known as the [[Second Great War]], one of the most destructive conflicts in human history. During the Second Great War, the [[Emperor of the Levantines]] - the [[Apostolic King of Urcea]] - "relinquished the responsibilities and administration of Imperial Governance", formally (but not legally) bringing the Empire to an end. The Apostolic King of Urcea maintains, to the present day, the title of Emperor of the Levantines as part of the peace settlement following the war. As such, it could be said that the Empire is still extant ''de jure'' in the person of the Emperor - a concept known as the [[Empire-in-fact]] - but the distinct Diet-based institutions of the territorial Empire were definitively abolished following the war and is generally not considered to still exist in any meaningful sense. | |||
While the direct cause of its collapse is a matter of considerable scholarly debate, the direct result was a conflict over its continued existence that became known as the Great War, one of the most destructive conflicts in human history. During the Great War, the Emperor of the Levantines - the Apostolic King of Urcea - "relinquished the responsibilities and administration of Imperial Governance", formally (but not legally) bringing the Empire to an end. The Apostolic King of Urcea maintains, to the present day, the title of Emperor of the Levantines as part of the peace settlement following the war. As such, it could be said that the Empire is still extant ''de jure'' in the person of the Emperor | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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In 750, Conchobar became King of Gallawa and decided to end the warring states period of Levantia definitively by marching west to conquer most of the former Great Levantine heartland. Moving rapidly down the coasts against the Latinic city-states along the coasts and the upcountry Gallo-Latinic principalities he set his eyes on the “crown jewel of Levantia”, Urceopolis, beginning his march against it in 756. The Duke of Urceopolis, Julius prepared the defenses of the city as several of the noble families fled or fought Conchobar’s army in losing pitched battles along the river. Many local magnates were brought to heel by Conchobar’s forces while many others saw their castles destroyed and their patrimony shattered. ADD SEIGE OR SOMETHING TO MAKE UP FOR THE TWO YEARS HERE | In 750, Conchobar became King of Gallawa and decided to end the warring states period of Levantia definitively by marching west to conquer most of the former Great Levantine heartland. Moving rapidly down the coasts against the Latinic city-states along the coasts and the upcountry Gallo-Latinic principalities he set his eyes on the “crown jewel of Levantia”, Urceopolis, beginning his march against it in 756. The Duke of Urceopolis, Julius prepared the defenses of the city as several of the noble families fled or fought Conchobar’s army in losing pitched battles along the river. Many local magnates were brought to heel by Conchobar’s forces while many others saw their castles destroyed and their patrimony shattered. ADD SEIGE OR SOMETHING TO MAKE UP FOR THE TWO YEARS HERE | ||
As Conchobar’s army began its encirclement and encampment of Urceopolis, in early 759, Julius was approached by the Pope, who advised that, rather than fight, the Duke should submit rather than see the city come under siege and fight a battle against fellow Catholics. Julius met Conchobar in the field between the camp and the city, and to the latter’s surprise, Julius bent the knee and submitted himself to Conchobar as his subject. The King of Gallawa embraced Julius and, according to legend, told Julius of a vision of St. Joseph he had received that Urceopolis would be part of a great Christian Empire without so much as a drop of blood being shed. to Conchobar entered the city then asked Julius to marshal his forces and march on | As Conchobar’s army began its encirclement and encampment of Urceopolis, in early 759, Julius was approached by the Pope, who advised that, rather than fight, the Duke should submit rather than see the city come under siege and fight a battle against fellow Catholics. Julius met Conchobar in the field between the camp and the city, and to the latter’s surprise, Julius bent the knee and submitted himself to Conchobar as his subject. The King of Gallawa embraced Julius and, according to legend, told Julius of a vision of St. Joseph he had received that Urceopolis would be part of a great Christian Empire without so much as a drop of blood being shed. to Conchobar entered the city then asked Julius to marshal his forces and march on Harren, which fell to the combined armies in the span of a month. In exchange for his loyalty, Conchobar granted Julius the title of Archduke of Urceopolis and also granted the new Grand Duchy of Harren to Julius’s brother, Aedanicus. Later, in 761, Conchobar was crowned Emperor of Levantia in Urceopolis by the Pope, forming the Levantine Empire. which cast itself as a reformed Great Levantia, capitaled in Corcra. | ||
Conchobar’s descendants ruled the Levantine Empire until 917, when the Empire was split among Emperor Brian III's sons according to Gaelic custom. The Eastern Kingdom of the Levantines under King Culmann, the Southern Kingdom of the Levantines under King Charles, and the Western Kingdom of the Levantines under King Aemon were created. Though it was thought King Culmann would be crowned Emperor of the Levantines with prestigious supremacy over his younger brothers, the Pope refused to do so. The Imperial throne, then, sat vacant for nearly a generation. In 965, the Eastern King, Leo, of | Conchobar’s descendants ruled the Levantine Empire until 917, when the Empire was split among Emperor Brian III's sons according to Gaelic custom. The Eastern Kingdom of the Levantines under King Culmann, the Southern Kingdom of the Levantines under King Charles, and the Western Kingdom of the Levantines under King Aemon were created. Though it was thought King Culmann would be crowned Emperor of the Levantines with prestigious supremacy over his younger brothers, the Pope refused to do so. The Imperial throne, then, sat vacant for nearly a generation. In 965, the Eastern King, [[Leo I, Emperor of the Levantines|Leo]], a Derian, deposed the Conine King in the Southern Kingdom. The Pope crowned Leo as Emperor in 972, reforming the Levantine Empire, though permanently without the [[Western Kingdom of the Levantines]]. The Leonine Dynasty proved short lived, and its failure to produce an heir lead to near-open revolt. The revolt’s victory securing that the Emperor would be elected by the most powerful or worthy vassals of the Empire via the Collegial Electorate. | ||
=== Early Elective Monarchy === | === Early Elective Monarchy === | ||
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1036-1134 | 1036-1134 | ||
Following the reign of Emperor Adrian, the Collegial Electorate selected Leo, Duke of San Gomaina, who established the Luciusian dynasty. The Luciusians managed to become the first family in the electoral era to maintain a father-to-son succession on the Imperial throne, creating an environment of dominance that lasted for 98 years. | Following the reign of Emperor Adrian, the [[Collegial Electorate]] selected Leo, Duke of San Gomaina, who established the Luciusian dynasty. The Luciusians managed to become the first family in the electoral era to maintain a father-to-son succession on the Imperial throne, creating an environment of dominance that lasted for 98 years. | ||
Golden Bull of 1043 established two administriative kingdoms: the Kingdom of Dericania was which encompassed the southern half of the Empire and the Kingdom of Culfra which encompassed the north and set the number of electors at 9. They were: | Golden Bull of 1043 established two administriative kingdoms: the Kingdom of Dericania was which encompassed the southern half of the Empire and the Kingdom of Culfra which encompassed the north and set the number of electors at 9. They were: | ||
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Hištanšahr, long a free kingdom in the heart of Empire, fell to the forces of Seoirge Ashrafioun in the War of the Three Princes, in 1071. Seoirge was crowned as the first King of Gassavelia by the Pope, incorporating the realm into the Empire. Removing the need to watch the southern border of the Empire, successive emperors looked northward and set about an age of expansionism across Levantia. | [[Hištanšahr]], long a free kingdom in the heart of Empire, fell to the forces of Seoirge Ashrafioun in the [[War of the Three Princes]], in 1071. Seoirge was crowned as the first King of [[Gassavelia]] by the [[Pope]], incorporating the realm into the Empire. Removing the need to watch the southern border of the Empire, successive emperors looked northward and set about an age of expansionism across Levantia. | ||
The Luciusian reign was notable for the initiation of the Crusades in Sarpedon, in 1095. The Crusades consolidated the identity of the Empire and rested much more power in the Emperor. The various princelings who campaigned together began to see beyond their narrow fiefdoms and understand the vastness and diversity of the Empire but also of their commonality with eachother. They all spoke Latin as well as their local tongue, they all worshiped in the same Church with the same rites. Some scholars have posited that the 12th century was the cultural birth of the Imperial identity. | The Luciusian reign was notable for the initiation of the [[Crusades]] in Sarpedon, in 1095. The Crusades consolidated the identity of the Empire and rested much more power in the Emperor. The various princelings who campaigned together began to see beyond their narrow fiefdoms and understand the vastness and diversity of the Empire but also of their commonality with eachother. They all spoke Latin as well as their local tongue, they all worshiped in the same Church with the same rites. Some scholars have posited that the 12th century was the cultural birth of the Imperial identity. | ||
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By the 12th century the Luciusian Dynasty had conquered portions of the Western Kingdom of the Levantines, bringing the empire in possession of a great portion of the lands of Great Levantia. At this point the Empire was truly a continental power and began to define Levantia in terms of its dominance of it. The Luciusian Dynasty built a series of walls to protect the Empire’s new northern borders and everything beyond them were ‘’Ultramurus’’ later ‘’Ultmar’’ (Eng: beyond the wall). This dichotomy persists even unto this day to refer to those lands that were at one point in time part of the Gallo-Latinic, Catholic, Empire. These expansions occurred primarily against the Gothic tribes of the modern nation of Fiannria and against the Istroyan Kingdom of Eagaria in modern day Burgundie. | By the 12th century the Luciusian Dynasty had conquered portions of the Western Kingdom of the Levantines, bringing the empire in possession of a great portion of the lands of Great Levantia. At this point the Empire was truly a continental power and began to define Levantia in terms of its dominance of it. The Luciusian Dynasty built a series of walls to protect the Empire’s new northern borders and everything beyond them were ‘’Ultramurus’’ later ‘’Ultmar’’ (Eng: beyond the wall). This dichotomy persists even unto this day to refer to those lands that were at one point in time part of the Gallo-Latinic, Catholic, Empire. These expansions occurred primarily against the Gothic tribes of the modern nation of Fiannria and against the Istroyan Kingdom of Eagaria in modern day Burgundie. | ||
=== XXX dynasty === | |||
=== Jazonids and the long peace === | |||
=== The Anarchy === | |||
The Anarchy was a period in which the Holy Levantine Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of, civil wars, peasant rebellions, political instability, dynastic competition, plague, debasement of currency, economic depression, and the {{wp|Protestant Reformation}}. It began in or around [[1509]] and ended with the conclusion of the [[Great Confessional War]] in 1575, which restored political and social cohesion to the Empire. | |||
The Holy Levantine Empire had been ruled by the [[List_of_Emperors_of_the_Levantines#Jazonid_Dynasty|Jazonid dynasty]], a [[Gassavelian people|Gassavelian-descended]] dynasty of [[Dericania|Dericanian]] rulers. Ruling from 1387, the Jazonids provided stability and direction for the Empire for nearly a century in a half. In [[1509]], the last Jazonid - Louis VIII - was elected. While capable when younger, it is believed a neurological condition dramatically decreased his ability to govern the Empire, and he was also infertile. The incapable ruler was unable to respond to the growing crisis of the {{wp|Protestant Reformation}}, which entirely destabilized the socio-economic situation of the Empire and caused widespread unrest, revolts, and economic depression. In 1524, Louis - and all of six of his eligible male relatives - were assassinated on {{wp|Easter}} in [[Corcra (City)|Corcra]], leading to an end of the dynasty and marking the beginning of a dynastic struggle for control of the Empire on the battlefield and in the [[Collegial Electorate]]. The dynastic and religious issues within the Empire eventually came to the fore with the [[Great Confessional War]]. | |||
Due in part to the large scale social disruptions and establishment of major armies roaming the continent, the {{wp|Plague}} had a major resurgence during this period, striking in major waves in 1526, 1539, 1552, 1561, and 1571. | |||
The Anarchy came to an end through the end of the [[Great Confessional War]], which concluded the period of socio-political unrest by resolving the outstanding issues with violence and bloodshed. The end of the Anarchy coincided with the rise of the [[House de Weluta|de Weluta]] dynasty of [[Urcea]], which would rule the Empire intermittently between 1575 and 1799. | |||
==== Great Confessional War ==== | |||
{{Main|Great Confessional War}} | |||
===Reform period=== | |||
====Cousins' War==== | |||
{{Further|Cousins' War}} | |||
== Legal Constitution == | == Legal Constitution == | ||
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=== Legal Composition and the Diet === | === Legal Composition and the Diet === | ||
The Empire was comprised of three de jure Kingdoms by the 20th century; Ultmar, Dericania, and Urcea, the former two of which were titles held by the Emperor and are de facto defunct as functional governing entities. The Ultmar was later granted to the Prince of Burgundie. The Emperor ruled from Corcra, the Imperial City (and, as of 1927, the fourth largest city in the Empire), which by law, was always to be held by the Emperor and could not be inherited by the children of a deceased Emperor. As such, the city and its hinterlands were the only territories guaranteed to be a direct fief of the Emperor, though in the closing days of the Empire the city was held by Latin nationalists and was a matter of considerable diplomatic confrontation. | The Empire was comprised of three de jure Kingdoms by the 20th century; Ultmar, Dericania, and Urcea, the former two of which were titles held by the Emperor and are de facto defunct as functional governing entities. The Ultmar was later granted to the Prince of Burgundie. The Emperor ruled from Corcra, the Imperial City (and, as of 1927, the fourth largest city in the Empire), which by law, was always to be held by the Emperor and could not be inherited by the children of a deceased Emperor. As such, the city and its hinterlands were the only territories guaranteed to be a direct fief of the Emperor, though in the closing days of the Empire the city was held by Latin nationalists and was a matter of considerable diplomatic confrontation. | ||
[[File:HLE Circles Map.png|thumb|left|150px|The circles of the Holy Levantine Empire in 1740.]] | |||
Imperial Law was issued by the Emperor himself via Golden Bulls or Pragmatic Sanctions, the former being Imperial decrees establishing law and the latter being various adjustments or exceptions to the law that establish precedent. The Imperial Diet could also create laws (or, by the 20th century, regulations and trade agreements), though Imperial Law was not substantially changed after the Pragmatic Sanction of 1896 (elaborated below). The High Imperial Court, appointed by the Emperor and confirmed by the Diet, had jurisdiction over matters of Imperial Law within nations, and also accepted petitions for non-Imperial cases determined by the high courts of the states of the Empire. | Imperial Law was issued by the Emperor himself via Golden Bulls or Pragmatic Sanctions, the former being Imperial decrees establishing law and the latter being various adjustments or exceptions to the law that establish precedent. The Imperial Diet could also create laws (or, by the 20th century, regulations and trade agreements), though Imperial Law was not substantially changed after the Pragmatic Sanction of 1896 (elaborated below). The High Imperial Court, appointed by the Emperor and confirmed by the Diet, had jurisdiction over matters of Imperial Law within nations, and also accepted petitions for non-Imperial cases determined by the high courts of the states of the Empire. | ||
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The idea of Christ as the true head of society - with the political rulers only ruling in his place - eventually formed an important philosophical basis of Crown Liberalism. The Magister and his successors would also increasingly adopt the military title ''Imperator'' as their primarily form of reference, and the title, in Levantia, began to denote the highest possible political office. Despite it's short term relative political insignificance - seeing as how the pagan religion had already weakened and the Bishop of Urceopolis, as Pope, already had wide reaching authority - the decision to appoint the Bishop of Urceopolis Pontifex Maximus would have wide reaching diplomatic and political effects, only one of which being his right to crown the Emperor of Levantia centuries in the future. | The idea of Christ as the true head of society - with the political rulers only ruling in his place - eventually formed an important philosophical basis of Crown Liberalism. The Magister and his successors would also increasingly adopt the military title ''Imperator'' as their primarily form of reference, and the title, in Levantia, began to denote the highest possible political office. Despite it's short term relative political insignificance - seeing as how the pagan religion had already weakened and the Bishop of Urceopolis, as Pope, already had wide reaching authority - the decision to appoint the Bishop of Urceopolis Pontifex Maximus would have wide reaching diplomatic and political effects, only one of which being his right to crown the Emperor of Levantia centuries in the future. | ||
[[Category: IXWB]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: Historical countries]] | [[Category: Historical countries]] | ||
[[Category: Levantia]] | |||
[[Category: Holy Levantine Empire]] | |||