Kiravic Coscivian: Difference between revisions

Kiravic is a highly {{wp|synthetic language|synthetic}} language that encodes a great deal of grammatical and semantic information in single words through use of relational morphemes (as is evident in the formation ''ápniverþē'', "in any other book"), and frequently derives new words through processes of compounding. It is noted for its complex array of {{wp|determiners}} and adpositional {{wp|noun cases}}, as well as for its {{wp|deontic mood|deontic}} mood. Kiravic is an {{wp|Ergative-absolutive language|ergative-absolutive language}} in terms of morphosyntactic alignment. As in other Cosco-Adratic languages, a great deal of grammatical information that most languages communicate through verb conjugation, such as {{wp|grammatical tense|tense}}, {{wp|grammatical aspect|aspect}}, and {{wp|grammatical mood|mood}} is instead expressed through a large number of specific absolutive cases. Also like other Cosco-Adratic languages, Kiravic has a very high relative abundance of nouns and adjectives over verbs: By most counts, there are some 50-70 Kiravic verbs, depending on the dialect and the degree to which certain foreign loans such as ''gib'' are considered. Though unusual among world languages, this is not as extreme as in some related Cosco-Adratic languages, which have as few as 3 true verbs, and as [[Hizolami]], which may have no verbs at all.

===Number===

==Case - Grammaticals==

====Ergative-Absolutive====

''Rustoth stugon va vāli'''nt'''''    /    ''Rustoth stugon va ruku'''m'''''

"The person pushed the case"          /      "The person pushed the bucket"

 

====Constructives====

====Adpositional "cases"====

Proper nouns are subject to the same declension rules as common nouns. By convention, one declines a Coscivian personal name by changing the surname only (e.g. "The office of [[Irasur Mérovin]]" would be ''adikuv Irasur Mérovi'''sk''''' rather than ''adikuv Irasursk Mérovin''), with the forename treated as a {{wp|noun adjunct}}. Similarly, when declining a compound geographic name such as [[Xýzyro|Mount Xýzyro]] (''Nár Xýssyrov'') or the River Kiygrava (''Rurin Kiygrava''), only the general noun is declined while the specific appellation remains unchanged (''Nárē Xýssyrov'', ''Rurinst Kiygrava''). Foreign names and brand names that cannot be readily Coscivised can be fit into the structure of a Kiravic sentence using auxiliary prepositions like ''áu'' ("of") and ''ōs'' ("as"), but most style guides for formal writing encourage using the indeclinable name as an adjunct to an appropriate Kiravic common noun. For example, "There was a fire in [[Gulnaz]]" (the capital of [[Kayistan]]) would be translated as ''Lé spóre '''sarēs''' Gulnaz'' ("There was a fire '''in the city''' of Gulnaz").

Kiravic adjectives inflect for five degrees (indicative, comparative, and superlative). Adjectives precede the nouns they modify [[Kiravic_Coscivian#Copulas|except in zero-copula phrases]], and are not inflected to agree with them in class, case, or number.

 

There are four adjectival declensions in Kiravic:

 

I. ''-ix'' (''-éx'', ''íx'')

II. ''-ax'' (''-áx'', ''-úx'')

III. ''-óx'' (''-ûx'', ''-ōx'')

IV. ''-ux'' (numerals), ''-ox'' (ordinals)

Spoken Kiravic dialects often have verbs not present in the written registers, some of which are quite versatile. ''Śak'', used in [[Niyaska]] and eastern [[Etivéra]], can mean "raise/lower", "steal", "work out", "jump", "damage", "bungle", or "break up/crush into pieces". However, many spoken varieties of Kiravic, especially those used by speech communities that shifted to Kiravic from another languages (e.g. Uroms or immigrant groups) employ markedly fewer verbs than the written registers.

The bulk of Kiravic Coscivian vocabulary is either inherited from High Coscivian or newly synthesised from High Coscivian roots. Much of this High Coscivian patrimony is ultimately derived from other languages that provided loanwords to High Coscivian as far back as pre-Imperial times, including Iathei Coscivian, Stairovix Coscivian, Thygiastran Coscivian and [that non-Coscivian one]. A great deal of words have entered Kiravic from the various vernacular languages of ethnic communities living in Kiravia, particularly major ones such as Taństan Coscivian and Great Antaric Coscivian. The lexicon continues to grow with a steady stream of new coinages and borrowings.

In the modern era, Kiravic has avoided directly borrowing scientific and technical terms from [[Hekuvian Latin|Latin]], Ænglish, and other Western languages. The writing guides most commonly followed by Kiravian scientific journals all discourage direct borrowings, and prescribe formulas for translating Western terms into Kiravic, most often by {{wp|calque|calquing}}. Professional institutions such as the Kiravian Astronomical Academy (''Kiravix Iselrakeniax Lárutovarum'') and the Kiravian Chemical Society (''Kiravix Ɣislokeniax Askola'') play an important role in formally defining Kiravic scientific nomenclature and creating paradigms to derive new words as needed.

*'''Kandan Kiravic''' is native to the parts of upstate [[Kiygrava]] surrounding the city of [[Cities of Kiravia#Evira|Evira]], as well as communities of [[Ethnic Groups in Kiravia#Kandem Coscivians|ethnic Kandan]] populations in other parts of Northern Kirav and the Colonies.

*'''White Kiravic''' (''Thasikirrona'') - Spoken across most of [[Kastera]] and parts of neighbourign states by the [[Kir people#White_Kir|White Kir]].

*'''Svéaran Kiravic''' - Native to the Svéa Coast and its hinterlands, over parts of Kiygrava and Harma, as well as most of Bissáv, this dialect was spread to [[the Cape]], [[Paulastra]], the [[Saxalin Islands|Saxalins]], and part of [[Cartadania]] as a disproportionately large number of traders, sailors, whalers, and early emigrants hailed from the Svéa Coast. Svéaran is notable for its atypical nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment (attributed to a Anderan substrate), and for the strong Taństan influence on its phonology and vocabulary.

*'''Urban Northeastern Kiravic''' dialects are spoken in large, multi-ethnic urban areas in traditionally Taństan-speaking Northeastern states, such as Béyasar. Kiravic displaced Taństan as the main language of daily life and inter-ethnic communication in these cities during the Kirosocialist era. Formed on a foundation of written Standard Kiravic as taught in schools, its spoken form reflects the influence of Taństan (for example, having a {{wp|progressive aspect}}) as well as diverse lexical influences from the ethnic languages of its speakers, including Gaelic and other Levantine languages spoken by the substantial Levantine-Kiravian communities in these cities.

[[Category: Language]]