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==Democracy Index (2022) [Sent by Vith]== | |||
===I - Electoral process and pluralism=== | |||
1. Are elections for the national legislature and head of government free? | |||
Consider whether elections are competitive in that electors are free to vote and are offered a range | |||
of choices. | |||
1: Essentially unrestricted conditions for the presentation of candidates (for example, no bans on | |||
major parties). | |||
0.5: There are some restrictions on the electoral process. | |||
0: A single-party system or major impediments exist (for example, bans on a major party or | |||
candidate). | |||
2. Are elections for the national legislature and head of government fair? | |||
1: No major irregularities in the voting process. | |||
0.5: Significant irregularities occur (intimidation, fraud), but do not significantly affect the overall | |||
outcome. | |||
0: Major irregularities occur and affect the outcome. | |||
Score 0 if score for question 1 is 0. | |||
3. Are municipal elections both free and fair? | |||
1: Are free and fair. | |||
0.5: Are free, but not fair. | |||
0: Are neither free nor fair. | |||
4. Is there universal suffrage for all adults? | |||
Bar generally accepted exclusions (for example, non-nationals; criminals; members of armed | |||
forces in some countries). | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0: No. | |||
5. Can citizens cast their vote free of significant threats to their security from state or non-state | |||
bodies? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0: No. | |||
6. Do laws provide for broadly equal campaigning opportunities? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Formally, yes, but, in practice, opportunities are limited for some candidates. | |||
0: No. | |||
7. Is the process of financing political parties transparent and generally accepted? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Not fully transparent. | |||
0: No | |||
8. Following elections, are the constitutional mechanisms for the orderly transfer of power from one | |||
government to another clear, established and accepted? | |||
1: All three criteria are satisfied. | |||
0.5: Two of the three criteria are satisfied. | |||
0: Only one or none of the criteria is satisfied. | |||
9. Are citizens free to form political parties that are independent of the government? | |||
1. Yes. | |||
0.5: There are some restrictions. | |||
0: No. | |||
10. Do opposition parties have a realistic prospect of achieving government? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: There is a dominant two-party system, in which other political forces never have any effective | |||
chance of taking part in national government. | |||
0: No. | |||
11. Is potential access to public office open to all citizens? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Formally unrestricted, but, in practice, restricted for some groups, or for citizens from some | |||
parts of the country. | |||
0: No. | |||
12. Are citizens allowed to form political and civic organisations, free of state interference and | |||
surveillance? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Officially free, but subject to some unofficial restrictions or interference. | |||
0: No | |||
===II- Functioning of government=== | |||
''' 13. Do freely elected representatives determine government policy?''' | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Exercise some meaningful influence. | |||
0: No. | |||
14. Is the legislature the supreme political body, with a clear supremacy over other branches of | |||
government? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0: No. | |||
15. Is there an effective system of checks and balances on the exercise of government authority? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Yes, but there are some serious flaws. | |||
0: No. | |||
16. Government is free of undue influence by the military or the security services. | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Influence is low, but the defence minister is not a civilian. If the current risk of a military coup is | |||
extremely low, but the country has a recent history of military rule or coups. | |||
0: No. | |||
17. Foreign powers and organisations do not determine important government functions or policies. | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Some features of a protectorate. | |||
0: No (significant presence of foreign troops; important decisions taken by foreign power; country | |||
is a protectorate). | |||
18. Do special economic, religious or other powerful domestic groups exercise significant political | |||
power, parallel to democratic institutions? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Exercise some meaningful influence. | |||
0: No. | |||
19. Are sufficient mechanisms and institutions in place for ensuring government accountability to the | |||
electorate in between elections? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5. Yes, but serious flaws exist. | |||
0: No. | |||
20. Does the government’s authority extend over the full territory of the country? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0: No. | |||
21. Is the functioning of government open and transparent, with sufficient public access to | |||
information? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Yes, but serious flaws exist. | |||
0: No. | |||
22. How pervasive is corruption? | |||
1: Corruption is not a major problem. | |||
0.5: Corruption is a significant issue. | |||
0: Pervasive corruption exists. | |||
23. Is the civil service willing to and capable of implementing government policy? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5. Yes, but serious flaws exist. | |||
0: No. | |||
24. Popular perceptions of the extent to which citizens have free choice and control over their lives. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who think that they have a great deal of choice/control. | |||
1 if more than 70%. | |||
0.5 if 50-70%. | |||
0 if less than 50%. | |||
25. Public confidence in government. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey, Gallup polls, Eurobarometer, Latinobarometer | |||
% of people who have a “great deal” or “quite a lot” of confidence in government. | |||
1 if more than 40%. | |||
0.5 if 25-40%. | |||
0 if less than 25%. | |||
26. Public confidence in political parties. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who have a “great deal” or “quite a lot” of confidence. | |||
1 if more than 40%. | |||
0.5 if 25-40%. | |||
0 if less than 25%. | |||
===III Political participation=== | |||
27. Voter participation/turn-out for national elections. | |||
(Average turnout in parliamentary elections since 2000. Turnout as proportion of population of | |||
voting age.) | |||
1 if above 70%. | |||
0.5 if 50%-70%. | |||
0 if below 50%. | |||
If voting is obligatory, score 0. Score 0 if scores for questions 1 or 2 is 0. | |||
28. Do ethnic, religious and other minorities have a reasonable degree of autonomy and voice in the | |||
political process? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Yes, but serious flaws exist. | |||
0: No. | |||
29. Women in parliament. | |||
% of members of parliament who are women. | |||
1 if more than 20% of seats. | |||
0.5 if 10-20%. | |||
0 if less than 10%. | |||
30. Extent of political participation. Membership of political parties and political non-governmental | |||
organisations. | |||
Score 1 if over 7% of population for either. | |||
Score 0.5 if 4-7%. | |||
Score 0 if under 4%. | |||
If participation is forced, score 0. | |||
31. Citizens’ engagement with politics. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who are very or somewhat interested in politics. | |||
1 if over 60%. | |||
0.5 if 40-60%. | |||
0 if less than 40%. | |||
32. The preparedness of population to take part in lawful demonstrations. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who have taken part in or would consider attending lawful demonstrations. | |||
1 if over 40%. | |||
0.5 if 30-40%. | |||
0 if less than 30%. | |||
33. Adult literacy. | |||
1 if over 90%. | |||
0.5 if 70-90%. | |||
0 if less than 70%. | |||
34. Extent to which adult population shows an interest in and follows politics in the news. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of population that follows politics in the news media (print, TV or radio) every day. | |||
1 if over 50%. | |||
0.5 if 30-50%. | |||
0 if less than 30% | |||
35. The authorities make a serious effort to promote political participation. | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Some attempts. | |||
0: No. | |||
Consider the role of the education system, and other promotional efforts. Consider measures to | |||
facilitate voting by members of the diaspora. | |||
If participation is forced, score 0 | |||
===IV Democratic political culture=== | |||
36. Is there a sufficient degree of societal consensus and cohesion to underpin a stable, functioning | |||
democracy? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Yes, but some serious doubts and risks. | |||
0: No. | |||
37. Perceptions of leadership; proportion of the population that desires a strong leader who bypasses | |||
parliament and elections. | |||
1: Low. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: High. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who think it would be good or fairly good to have a strong leader who does not bother | |||
with parliament and elections. | |||
1 if less than 30%. | |||
0.5 if 30-50%. | |||
0 if more than 50%. | |||
38. Perceptions of military rule; proportion of the population that would prefer military rule. | |||
1: Low. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: High. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who think it would be very or fairly good to have military rule. | |||
1 if less than 10%. | |||
0.5 if 10-30%. | |||
0 if more than 30%. | |||
39. Perceptions of rule by experts or technocratic government; proportion of the population that | |||
would prefer rule by experts or technocrats. | |||
1: Low. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: High | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who think it would be very or fairly good to have experts, not government, make | |||
decisions for the country. | |||
1 if less than 50%. | |||
0.5 if 50-70%. | |||
0 if more than 70%. | |||
40. Perception of democracy and public order; proportion of the population that believes that | |||
democracies are not good at maintaining public order. | |||
1: Low. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: High. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who disagree with the view that democracies are not good at maintaining order. | |||
1 if more than 70%. | |||
0.5 if 50-70%. | |||
0 if less than 50%. | |||
Alternatively, % of people who think that punishing criminals is an essential characteristic of | |||
democracy. | |||
1 if more than 80%. | |||
0.5 if 60-80%. | |||
0 if less than 60%. | |||
41. Perception of democracy and the economic system; proportion of the population that believes | |||
that democracy benefits economic performance. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who disagree with the view that the economic system is badly run in democracies. | |||
1 if more than 80%. | |||
0.5 if 60-80%. | |||
0 if less than 60%. | |||
42. Degree of popular support for democracy. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey | |||
% of people who agree or strongly agree that democracy is better than any other form of | |||
government. | |||
1 if more than 90%. | |||
0.5 if 75-90%. | |||
0 if less than 75%. | |||
43. There is a strong tradition of the separation of Church and State. | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Some residual influence of Church on State. | |||
0: No. | |||
===V Civil liberties=== | |||
44. Is there a free electronic media? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Pluralistic, but state-controlled media are heavily favoured. One or two private owners | |||
dominate the media. | |||
0: No. | |||
45. Is there a free print media? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Pluralistic, but state-controlled media are heavily favoured. There is high degree of | |||
concentration of private ownership of national newspapers. | |||
0: No. | |||
46. Is there freedom of expression and protest (bar only generally accepted restrictions, such as | |||
banning advocacy of violence)? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Holders of minority viewpoints are subject to some official harassment. Libel laws heavily | |||
restrict scope for free expression. | |||
0: No. | |||
47. Is media coverage robust? Is there open and free discussion of public issues, with a reasonable | |||
diversity of opinions? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: There is formal freedom, but a high degree of conformity of opinion, including through self- | |||
censorship or discouragement of minority or marginal views. | |||
0: No. | |||
48. Are there political restrictions on access to the Internet? | |||
1: No. | |||
0.5: Some moderate restrictions. | |||
0: Yes. | |||
49. Are citizens free to form professional organisations and trade unions? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Officially free, but subject to some restrictions. | |||
0: No. | |||
50. Do institutions provide citizens with the opportunity to petition government to redress grievances? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Some opportunities. | |||
0: No. | |||
51. The use of torture by the state. | |||
1: Torture is not used. | |||
0: Torture is used. | |||
52. The degree to which the judiciary is independent of government influence. | |||
Consider the views of international legal and judicial watchdogs. Have the courts ever issued an | |||
important judgement against the government, or a senior government official? | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
53. The degree of religious tolerance and freedom of religious expression. | |||
Are all religions permitted to operate freely, or are some restricted? Is the right to worship | |||
permitted both publicly and privately? Do some religious groups feel intimidated by others, even if | |||
the law requires equality and protection? | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
54. The degree to which citizens are treated equally under the law. | |||
Consider whether favoured groups or individuals are spared prosecution under the law. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
55. Do citizens enjoy basic security? | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Crime is so pervasive as to endanger security for large segments. | |||
0: No. | |||
56. Extent to which private property rights are protected and private business is free from undue | |||
government influence | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
57. Extent to which citizens enjoy personal freedoms. | |||
Consider gender equality, right to travel, choice of work and study. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
58. Popular perceptions on protection of human rights; proportion of the population that think that | |||
basic human rights are well-protected. | |||
1: High. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: Low. | |||
If available, from World Values Survey: | |||
% of people who think that human rights are respected in their country. | |||
1 if more than 70%. | |||
0.5 if 50-70%. | |||
0 if less than 50%. | |||
59. There is no significant discrimination on the basis of people’s race, colour or religious beliefs. | |||
1: Yes. | |||
0.5: Yes, but some significant exceptions. | |||
0: No. | |||
60. Extent to which the government invokes new risks and threats as an excuse for curbing civil | |||
liberties. | |||
1: Low. | |||
0.5: Moderate. | |||
0: High. |
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