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== History == | == History == | ||
===Prehistory=== | ===Prehistory=== | ||
{{Further|Timeline_of_major_world_events#Prehistory}} | |||
Battganuur was originally settled by {{wp|Indo-Aryan peoples}} who likewise settled areas from [[Zaclaria]] to [[Pukhgundi]]. These people shared languages with common roots, the {{wp|Indo-Aryan languages}} which later diverged into Proto-Umardonian (west of the [[Sindhus River]]) and proto-Sindhus (east of the [[Sindhus River]]). | Battganuur was originally settled by {{wp|Indo-Aryan peoples}} who likewise settled areas from [[Zaclaria]] to [[Pukhgundi]]. These people shared languages with common roots, the {{wp|Indo-Aryan languages}} which later diverged into Proto-Umardonian (west of the [[Sindhus River]]) and proto-Sindhus (east of the [[Sindhus River]]). | ||
====Umaronid Empire==== | ====Umaronid Empire==== | ||
The Umaronid Empire, a Bronze Age civilization that thrived in western [[Audonia]] from approximately 3300 to 1300 BCE, left an indelible mark on the region. Renowned for their meticulous urban planning, the Umaronids constructed sprawling cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, characterized by grid-like layouts, multi-story houses, and sophisticated drainage and water supply systems. This meticulous attention to detail extended to their economic practices, evident in their standardized weights and measures that facilitated trade and commerce across the empire. | |||
The Umaronids demonstrated exceptional craftsmanship and technological ingenuity. Their mastery of metallurgy is evident in the production of bronze tools and weapons, while their artistry is showcased in intricate seals, pottery, and figurines. Notably, the empire developed a unique script, yet to be deciphered, which tantalizingly hints at a complex language and potentially rich literary traditions. | |||
Despite its advancements, the Umaronid Empire eventually declined. While the precise reasons remain unclear, factors such as climate change, shifting river courses, and migrations likely played a role. Nevertheless, the legacy of the Umaronids endures, providing valuable insights into the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of early [[Audonia]]n civilizations. The empire's contributions to urban planning, metallurgy, and artistic expression continue to inspire and inform contemporary understanding of the region's history. | |||
=== Classical Antiquity === | === Classical Antiquity === | ||
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File:Greek soldiers of Greco–Persian Wars2.png|Istroyan soldiers | File:Greek soldiers of Greco–Persian Wars2.png|Istroyan soldiers | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Northern Battganuur, under the dominion of the [[Arunid Empire]], experienced a profound agricultural revolution, the burgeoning of a lucrative timber industry, and a dynamic cultural exchange that left an enduring legacy on the region's identity. Meanwhile, southern Battganuur, witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the fusion of [[Istroyan]] and Persian cultures, and the establishment of a vibrant Christian realm, the Ashrafinid Empire. While the coastal regions flourished under Istroyan influence, the interior of southern Battganuur remained a realm of tribal societies. These tribes, such as the {{wp|Parthians}} and the {{wp|Elamites}}, maintained their traditional nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles, herding livestock, cultivating crops, and engaging in trade with neighboring regions. The decentralized nature of tribal power structures made it difficult for a single dominant entity to emerge. Instead, the interior was characterized by a patchwork of alliances, rivalries, and shifting power dynamics. This political fragmentation, while fostering a degree of autonomy for individual tribes, also made the region vulnerable to external incursions and conquest. | |||
====Kingdom of Eshel==== | ====Kingdom of Eshel==== | ||
{{Further|Kingdom of Eshel}} | {{Further|Kingdom of Eshel}} | ||
The [[Kingdom of Eshel]] was a Jewish ethnoreligious state formed round 500 BC under King Adud I on the Ominrud Peninsula. It was a regional powerhouse in the eastern [[Sea of Istroya]] during the late Classical Period with a strong trade network with the [[Istroyan civilization]]. It remained staunchly independent despite many attempts to subjugate them by the [[Battganuur#Ashrafinid_Empire|Ashrafinid Empire]] to the north. It is notable that Eshel fought on the side of the Christians in the [[Crusades]] in [[Audonia]] from [[1167]]–[[1428]]. In fact, the end of the [[Crusades]] was a contributing factor to the decimation of the Kingdom by the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]] in [[1486]]. | The [[Kingdom of Eshel]] was a Jewish ethnoreligious state formed round 500 BC under King Adud I on the Ominrud Peninsula. It was a regional powerhouse in the eastern [[Sea of Istroya]] during the late Classical Period with a strong trade network with the [[Ancient Istroyan civilization]]. It remained staunchly independent despite many attempts to subjugate them by the [[Battganuur#Ashrafinid_Empire|Ashrafinid Empire]] to the north. It is notable that Eshel fought on the side of the Christians in the [[Crusades]] in [[Audonia]] from [[1167]]–[[1428]]. In fact, the end of the [[Crusades]] was a contributing factor to the decimation of the Kingdom by the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]] in [[1486]]. | ||
====Arunid Empire==== | ====Arunid Empire==== | ||
[[File:Arunid_max_extent.png|250px|right]] | [[File:Arunid_max_extent.png|250px|right]] | ||
{{Further|Arunid Empire}} | {{Further|Arunid Empire}} | ||
The [[Arunid Empire]]'s dominion over northern Battganuur, encompassing the present-day provinces of Ahabijan, Andivaz, Takand, Maradan, and Malarand, represents a pivotal epoch in the region's history. The empire's vast reach and influence brought about profound transformations, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to shape Battganuur's identity and development. The [[Arunid Empire]], recognizing the fertile potential of northern Battganuur's plains, initiated a comprehensive agricultural development program. Extensive irrigation systems, including canals and reservoirs, were constructed to harness the waters of the [[Aab-e-Farus]] and its tributaries. This led to a significant increase in rice cultivation, transforming the region into a breadbasket for the empire. The surplus rice production not only sustained the empire's burgeoning population but also became a valuable commodity in regional trade networks. Alongside rice, the cultivation of other crops such as wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables was also promoted, ensuring a diverse and resilient agricultural base. This agricultural revolution not only boosted the region's economic prosperity but also fostered social stability by ensuring food security. Northern Battganuur's lush forests, teeming with valuable hardwoods like teak, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, and padauk, attracted the attention of the [[Arunid Empire]]. Recognizing the potential of this resource, the empire established logging operations and implemented sustainable forestry practices. These woods were highly prized for their durability, beauty, and versatility, and were used in the construction of grand palaces, temples, and ships. The timber trade became a lucrative source of revenue for the empire, contributing to its economic power and influence. The demand for Battganuuri hardwoods spurred the development of infrastructure, including roads and ports, further integrating the region into the empire's vast economic network. | |||
The [[Arunid Empire]]'s dominion over northern Battganuur was not solely an economic endeavor. It also entailed a significant cultural and spiritual exchange. The Fravarti-Zoroastrian faith, with its emphasis on righteousness, social justice, and communal harmony, found fertile ground in the region. While it did not completely supplant existing religious practices, it gained a significant following and left a lasting imprint on the region's spiritual landscape. The empire's cosmopolitan cities, renowned centers of learning and commerce, attracted scholars, artisans, and merchants from across the known world. This influx of diverse cultures led to a vibrant cultural fusion, with elements of Persian, Indian, and Istroyan traditions intermingling with local customs. The adoption of the Umardi language, the lingua franca of the empire, facilitated communication and trade, further cementing the region's integration into the Arunid realm. | |||
====Istroyan city states==== | ====Istroyan city states==== | ||
{{Further|Istroya}} | {{Further|Ancient Istroyan civilization}} | ||
Beginning in the 6th century BCE, Istroyan mariners, hailing from the bustling city-states of northeastern [[Sarpedon]], embarked on exploratory voyages across the [[Sea of Istroya]]. Drawn by tales of fertile lands, exotic spices, and lucrative trade opportunities, they established a series of colonies along the southern coast of Battganuur. These colonies, such as Alexandropolis (modern-day Bandar Abbas) and Seleucia ad Mare (modern-day Bushehr), quickly grew into thriving centers of commerce, culture, and learning. The Istroyans brought with them their language, philosophy, art, and architectural traditions, which deeply influenced the local {{wp|Persian|Persi}} populations. Over time, a unique fusion of [[Istroyan]] and {{wp|Persian}} cultures emerged, evident in the syncretic religious practices, the adoption of {{wp|Ancient Greek Architechture|Istroyan architectural styles}}, and the widespread use of the {{wp|Ancient Greek language|Istroyan language}} in trade and administration. This cultural exchange left an enduring legacy, shaping the distinct identity of southern Battganuur for centuries to come. | |||
====Ashrafinid Empire==== | ====Ashrafinid Empire==== | ||
[[Audonian Christianity]] Ruled most of Battganuur and the [[Alcairet]]. | [[Audonian Christianity]] Ruled most of Battganuur and the [[Alcairet]]. | ||
The | The dawn of Christianity in the 1st century CE brought about a significant shift in the religious and political landscape of southern Battganuur. The new faith, with its message of salvation and universal brotherhood, resonated with many in the region, particularly among the urban populations who had already been exposed to Istroyan ideas and philosophies. In the 4th century CE, a charismatic leader named Ashrafi rose to prominence. He united the disparate Christian communities of southern Battganuur under his banner, establishing the Ashrafinid Empire. This empire, with its capital at Ctesiphon (modern-day Salman Pak), quickly expanded its influence, encompassing the entire southern region and even challenging the Arunid Empire for control of the Sea of Kandahar. The Ashrafinid Empire was a period of cultural flowering and economic prosperity. Ctesiphon became a center of Christian learning and scholarship, attracting theologians, philosophers, and artists from across the [[Audonia]]n world. The empire's economy thrived on trade, agriculture, and the production of luxury goods, such as textiles, spices, and precious metals. The rise of the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]] in the 7th century CE marked a turning point in the history of southern Battganuur. The Caliphate's expansionist policies brought it into conflict with the Ashrafinid Empire, leading to a series of bloody wars. In 762 CE, after a prolonged siege, Ctesiphon fell to the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Oduniyyad]] forces, marking the end of the Ashrafinid Empire. The region was incorporated into the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]], and Islam gradually replaced Christianity as the dominant religion. Many of the Ashrafinid aristocracy, refusing to renounce their faith, fled to [[Levantia]], where they established the kingdom of [[Hištanšahr]], preserving their cultural and religious heritage. | ||
===Medieval period=== | |||
{{Further|Timeline_of_major_world_events#Medieval_history|Oduniyyad Caliphate|Crusades|Pre-modern global trade}} | |||
<gallery mode="packed"> | |||
File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg | |||
</gallery> | |||
The [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]]'s six centuries of rule left an indelible mark on Battganuur. The spread of Islam transformed the region's religious and cultural landscape, while the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]]'s patronage of scholarship and the arts fostered a vibrant intellectual atmosphere. Battganuur's strategic location made it a crossroads for trade and cultural exchange, contributing to its unique identity. The [[Crusades]], though a period of conflict and instability, also stimulated cultural exchange and intellectual curiosity. The legacy of this era continues to resonate in Battganuur's diverse cultural heritage, its architectural treasures, and its vibrant intellectual traditions. | |||
The [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]]'s dominion over Battganuur marked a significant chapter in the region's history, characterized by a confluence of religious fervor, cultural exchange, and geopolitical conflict. This period witnessed the spread of Islam, the flourishing of intellectual and artistic pursuits, and the challenges posed by external forces, particularly the Crusades. Following the collapse of the [[Arunid Empire]] and then the Ashrafinid Empire, the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate]] swiftly extended its influence over Battganuur. The introduction of Islam, a monotheistic faith with a strong emphasis on social justice and community, profoundly reshaped Battganuuri society. Mosques sprang up across the land, replacing or coexisting with {{wp|Zoroastrian}} fire temples and {{wp|Buddhist}} monasteries. The {{wp|Arabic language}}, the lingua franca of the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]], gained prominence in administration, trade, and scholarship. While the initial spread of Islam was often accompanied by military conquest, it gradually became a process of cultural assimilation and religious conversion. The [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]]'s emphasis on education and social welfare attracted many Battganuuri to the new faith, leading to a gradual but significant shift in the religious landscape. The Oduniyyad period was marked by a remarkable flourishing of intellectual and artistic pursuits in Battganuur. The [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]]'s patronage of scholarship and the arts created a vibrant intellectual atmosphere, attracting scholars, poets, and artists from across the Islamic world. Cities like Alihijan and Isfahan became centers of learning, where renowned scholars and scientists made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. Battganuuri artisans excelled in producing exquisite textiles, ceramics, metalwork, and calligraphy, which were highly prized throughout the [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]]. Battganuur's strategic location, straddling the [[Sea of Kandahar]] and bordering the [[Sea of Istroya]], made it a vital crossroads for trade and cultural exchange. The [[Oduniyyad Caliphate|Caliphate]]'s vast network of roads and maritime routes connected Battganuur to distant lands, facilitating the flow of goods, ideas, and people. | |||
The Oduniyyad Caliphate's expansion into Sarpedon brought it into conflict with Christian kingdoms, leading to a series of religious wars known as the [[Crusades#In_Audonia_(1167–1428)|Crusades in Audonia]] ([[1167–]] 1[[428]]CE). Battganuur, as a frontier region of the Caliphate, became a battleground for these conflicts. The Crusades had a profound impact on Battganuur, disrupting trade routes, causing economic instability, and exacerbating religious tensions. The region witnessed the construction of fortified castles and cities, as well as the emergence of military orders dedicated to defending the Christian faith. Despite the immense human and economic cost, the Crusades also fostered cultural exchange and intellectual curiosity. The encounter with Western ideas and technologies stimulated new developments in Battganuuri science, philosophy, and art. | |||
=== Colonial era === | === Colonial era === | ||