History of Caphiria

The history of Caphiria has been among the most influential to the modern world, from the spread of the Latin language and Romance languages as a result of the creation of the Imperial Church to its vast contributions to modern governments, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language, and society.

Caphirian history is divided into six distinct political ages, each having its sociological eras:

• Ancient history (9th century BC - 369 BC) - covering Caphiria's earliest inhabitants and the establishment of the Latinic people.
• The First Republic (369 BC-136 AD) - This marks the start of recorded Caphirian history, covering the end of the monarchical system and the birth of republicanism, and the foundations of empire.

• The First Imperium (136 - 890 AD) - During this time, Caphiria experienced vigorous expansion of its territory and enjoyed regional dominance, becoming a true empire. Eventually, the empire began to crumble under its own weight and became unable to manage its vast territorial holdings, dealt with numerous internal struggles for power, and ultimately collapsed in 890.

• The Second Imperium (900 - 1172) - Augustus Rahla attempted to restore political stability by establishing the "Second Imperium," which was supposed to be a hybrid government that pleased both the ambitious younger generation who wanted a populist government and the elder aristocracy who tried to preserve the centuries-old institutions like the Senate. This government was plagued with issues from the start and quickly reignited more conflict, which led to lots of unrest and political splintering and culminated with the Great Civil War, a brutal 45-year civil war lasting from 1127-1172 which saw the collapse of the Second Imperium.

• The Dark Period (1172 - 1283) - Following the Great Civil War, barbarians began attacking the weakened empire; the Senate agreed to let most of its provinces become pseudo-independent states controlled by local warlords while it usurped control over Venceia and effectively reverted to being a Republican city-state. This is known as the era of the Second Republic. Eventually, Șerossaccir Odobricci, a Latino-Slavic warlord of Truřov (one of the established warlord states), began a successful military campaign of conquering his neighbors and reuniting the lost provinces of the empire. Șerossaccir would eventually march on Venceia and destroy the republic, but rather than sacking the city, he stands outside of it and accepts, under the force of arms, the title of Imperator from the Senate, who also passes a bill that makes Șerossaccir the legal heir of the last recognized Imperator, thus establishing the Third Imperium in 1283

• The Third Imperium (1283 - 1782) - This period is marked by the state's reunification, the creation of the Constitution of Caphiria, and the establishment of dozens of Latino-Slavic dynasties and cultural/political institutions. At the same time, this period features the Great Schism of 1615, where a break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and the Imperial Church of Caphiria occurred. The Great Schism lead to the dissolution of the Western Provinces and the independence of countries such as Cartadania in 1615, Pelaxia in 1618, and Aciria in 1625. The final blow to the Third Imperium was the Veltorine War of Independence in the late 18th century when Caphiria lost its eastern provinces.

• The Fourth Imperium (1782 - present) - After the Veltorine War of Independence, the Imperium went through a significant reformation period - The Senate deleted most Slavic dynasties and institutions, re-established Caphiric ruling dynasties and families, as well as forming the National Assembly and eventually creating the Corcillum.

Prehistory

Main article: History of the Ancient Latinic civilization

The origins of Caphiria trace back to a geographic region called Latium that encompasses the southern part of Levantia and the northern part of Sarpedon. The area of Latium played a pivotal role in developing several diverse cultural groups and civilizations. The lands of Caphiria were first colonized stably during the Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic by people migrating out of the Latium area and across the Urlazian Sea. These settlements, usually of small dimensions, were generally built on hills and circumscribed with fortifications. The economy of these settlements was mainly based on agro-pastoral activities, metallurgy, and trades. After considerable uniformity from north to south, the colonies began to show a regionalization process.

Ancient history

The coastal city Venceia was established sometime in the 9th century BC during the golden age of Adonerum after a sizeable Latinic tribe, the Caraspi, settled in the area. When the Adonerii League collapsed towards the end of the 6th century BC, the Caraspi tribe took advantage of the power vacuum. It began quickly asserting its dominance and established the city-state of Caraspia in present-day Venceia. The Caraspi people claimed to be the direct successors of the Adonerii, as they share the same language (the Latin language evolved from Ancient Latinic), ancestry, history, and culture. As a result, Caraspia began to refer to itself (and its conquered territories) as Latinics, and thus the Latinic civilization was established.

The Latinic civilization approached colonization differently than their Adonerii predecessors; instead of relying on a network of city-states, they relied on Latinisation, acculturation, integration, and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations. Despite this Latinisation process, Caraspia preserved their ancestral traditions for more than half a millennium; They maintained the ancient denominations for their tribes, magistrates, and public bodies and remained faithful to cults taken from Adonerii. Venceia, at the heart of the growing Caraspian state, developed into an important trade center in olive oil, wine, fine pottery, and jewelry. This strengthened and spread the use of the Latin language and the Latin culture across the Sarpic continent. However, the region was plagued by constant warring factions, and this time was marked by chaos and political instability.

This regional instability was exploited by a Latinic general named Lanintius. Lanintius was born in Venceia in 527 BC during a five-year interregnum, during which he was sold several times into bondage. Throughout his childhood and adolescence, Lanintius participated in numerous conflicts for Caraspia; he was a successful military commander and built a loyal bond with the men he fought with. With the support from the army and the people of Venceia, Lanintius was in a position to vie for control over Caraspia, which worried the reigning king at the time, Juscargyrus. A jealous and paranoid ruler, Juscargyrus tried to have Lanintius assassinated multiple times but ultimately failed every time. Initially, Lanintius was unfazed by these assassination attempts and continued to defend and expand Caraspia's borders. However, in 490 BC, while Lanintius was pacifying a small rebellion, Juscargyrus ordered the kidnapping and execution of Lanintius' wife and 8-year-old son. Lanintius found out about this from an official messenger from Venceia, who is said to have traveled nonstop to where his camp was. Once the word spread throughout the camp, it eventually reached the ears of the rebels, who were reported to have dropped their arms and swore personal allegiance to Lanintius to avenge his family. People from around the Latinic region began disavowing Juscargyrus for his dishonorable actions and rallied behind Lanintius, who marched on Venceia with a furious passion.

Lanintius sacked the city in 479 BC, with Juscargyrus committing suicide by poison to avoid capture. Caraspia was now without a ruler, and the people clamored for Lanintius to pick up the mantle. He then said, "if I am to rule over you, if I am to be your king, ensure that your king contains the mantle of the people." He selected a group of elders called senex (senate), who all unanimously selected him as their ruler. To further separate himself from past rulers, Lanintius claimed that as he had killed the evil from Caraspia, he must give rise to a new spirit - he renamed the city-state into Caphiria and founded the Kingdom of Caphiria in 480 BC.

Kingdom era (480-369 BC)

Little is certain about the history of the Caphirian Kingdom, as nearly no written records from that time survive. The histories about it that were written during the Republic and Empire are largely based on legends. Accordingly, Lanintius ruled as King of Caphiria for 47 years. Under his rule, the kingdom

Overthrow of Admoneptis

Admoneptis was the fifth and last of the legendary kings of Caphiria. Admoneptis succeeded his brother, king Sathrindus, who had died in a "mysterious" accident during chariot racing. It is speculated that Admoneptis sabotaged the chariot and assassinated his brother to usurp the throne, but during this obscure time, the Caphirian Kingdom experienced a decline. In particular, the power of the king himself was being threatened due to the emergence of extraordinarily powerful officials, who, while they accepted the authority of the monarch, in practice acted with supreme power and began to execute their political activities similar to those of the kings.

Admoneptis' reign was lackluster from a military perspective. The king is recorded to have stayed "in the land" (i.e., not campaigned) for almost every year of his reign, save for only three years. In 393 BC, the year of his accession, he campaigned against the Kavarnitsans, and in 374–375 BC, he campaigned against the city of Ispoli in Sokasti. It is probably from the conclusion of the 393 BC campaign that the Kavarnitsan treaty comes from. Almost all of the surviving portions of this treaty are made up of curses against the Kavarnitsans. It was customary for a Caphirian king to campaign every year, which means that Admoneptis staying in Caphiria could be a sign of domestic instability. Most kings also undertook building projects, but no construction work conducted under Admoneptis is known.

After his wife Demina died in childbirth, Admoneptis' mental health declined, and he gained the reputation of being an obese glutton, using emetics to be able to indulge in banquets four times a day and often having himself invited over to a different noble's house for each one. As a result, the political situation of the kingdom declined rapidly, and many revolts sprang up throughout the realm. Initially, these revolts were small and relatively peaceful, but as the public grew angrier with Admoneptis, their efforts turned violent. In response, Admoneptis began to round up the protesters and mass execute them in public squares.

This conflict culminated in 369 BC, when brothers Martyrius and Darius Lux led a successful coup d'etat in Venceia, toppling the kingdom. Admoneptis is said to have killed himself before the militia entered his palace. Martyrius and Darius Lux are considered the "Architects of the Republic" as they were influential in laying the foundation for the republican government that succeeded the kingdom.

First Republic (369 BC-109 AD)

After the successful coup d'etat in 369 BC, the Caphirian Kingdom was overthrown and the Caphirian Republic was established by the brothers, who were collectively known as fratres lucis. This marked the end of the monarchy and the beginning of a new form of government in Caphiria. In the immediate aftermath of the coup, Martyrius and Darius Lux assumed control of the government and began the process of establishing the new Republic. They first abolished the monarchy and declared that all citizens were equal under the law. They also established a new system of governance, in which power was divided among several branches: the Senate, which was made up of elected officials and acted as the legislative branch; the Assemblies, which were made up of citizens and acted as the judicial branch; and the office of the Consul, which was held by two elected officials who acted as the executive branch.

Martyrius also introduced a number of social and political reforms, including the establishment of a legal system and the introduction of a new constitution. These reforms were intended to create a more just and equitable society, and they were met with widespread support from the people of Caphiria. One of the most important reforms were the First Land Reforms, known as the terra alteratio. These reforms were significant and far-reaching, including the redistribution of land, the implementation of new farming techniques, new crops such as peas and beans, and the creation of land banks (terracreditor) which provided loans to farmers and other land seekers, allowing them to purchase land.

As the Republic took shape, Darius focused on the military and worked to secure the Republic's borders and defend it against potential threats. Darius effectively rebuilt the Caphirian military from scratch, introducing a wide array of reforms such as the establishment of a professional standing army, the introduction of military conscription, the adoption of new military tactics and technologies, and establishing a navy. Prior to the formation of the Republic, Caphiria relied on a militia-based system, with citizens taking up arms to defend their country when needed. Under Darius' reforms, however, the government maintained a permanent military force. In order to maintain a large and effective military force, the Republic implemented a system of military conscription which required all able-bodied male citizens to serve in the military for three lustra (15 total years). Darius made a concerted effort to stay at the forefront of military technology and tactics. This included the adoption of new weapons such as the gladius sword and the pilum spear, as well as the use of disciplined formations and strategic planning.

In terms of foreign policy, the Republic of Caphiria was primarily focused on expanding its territory and increasing its influence. This often involved military campaigns to conquer neighboring lands and incorporate them into the Republic. However, the Republic also engaged in diplomatic efforts, entering into treaties and alliances with other states in order to further its interests Darius formed alliances with other city-states and engaged in diplomatic negotiations with foreign powers.

A significant military victory for the Republic was the conquest of the city-state of Tezia in Viacovo in 343 BC. This was a major victory for the Republic, as it allowed them to expand their territory and gain control over important trade routes. The conquest of Tezia was also significant because it marked the first time that the Republic had successfully defeated a major enemy in a prolonged military campaign. This helped to establish the Republic as a major military power and gave them a reputation for military prowess.

Another major foreign policy success of the Republic during this time was the Mastadian treaty of 325 BC. This treaty was signed between the Republic and the Mastadian tribe, and it was designed to establish a peace agreement between the two sides. The exact details of how the treaty came to be are not well-known, as there are no surviving records or accounts from the time. However, it is likely that the treaty was the result of negotiations between the Republic and the Mastadians after the conquest of Tezia several decades earlier. The Mastadians were a Sarpic people who lived in the region near the eastern border called Viacovo, and they were known for their skilled horsemen and military prowess. The treaty included a number of provisions, including the establishment of a border between the two states and the mutual recognition of each other's sovereignty. This treaty was significant because it helped to prevent further conflict between the Republic and the Mastadian tribe, and it allowed both sides to focus on other priorities.

Conquest of Tezia (343 BC)

The conquest of Tezia was a major military victory for the early Republic and a significant turning point in its history. The city-state of Tezia, located in the region of Viacovo, was home to a powerful Sarpic tribe known as the Tezianians. For many years, the Tezianians had been a thorn in the side of the Republic, engaging in frequent raids and skirmishes along the border. The Tezianians were a proud and warlike people, with a strong warrior culture. They were skilled horsemen and excelled at archery, and they were known for their fierce loyalty to their chieftains and their willingness to fight to the death in battle. The city of Tezia itself was a fortified stronghold, surrounded by high walls and protected by a powerful garrison of soldiers. In 344 BC, the Consuls of the Republic, Caelus Peltrasius and Quintis Helvius Taenaris, decided to launch a full-scale military campaign against Tezia. The Republic's army, which had been rebuilt and modernized by Darius Lux, was a formidable force, consisting of well-trained and disciplined soldiers equipped with the latest weapons and tactics.The campaign began with a series of lightning-fast raids on Ispolian villages and outposts, which caught the tribe off-guard and allowed the Republic's army to gain a foothold in the region. The Tezianians, led by their chieftain Arminius, quickly mobilized their forces and launched a counterattack, but they were no match for the well-trained and experienced soldiers of the Republic. The fighting was intense and brutal, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. Despite their best efforts, the Tezianians ultimately proved unable to match the might of the Republic's army. After several months of hard-fought battles, the Republic's forces finally breached the city of Tezia, capturing it in a daring siege.

The fall of Tezia was a major victory for the Republic, as it allowed them to expand their territory and secure their borders. The Tezianians were forced to surrender and accept the rule of the Republic, and they were incorporated into the Republic as a new province.

The Consuls Peltrasius and Taenaris were hailed as heroes for their successful conquest of Tezia, and they were awarded triumphs by the Senate in recognition of their victory. The conquest of Tezia also marked the beginning of the Republic's expansion into the Sarpic region, as it allowed the Republic to build a strong foothold in the area and lay the foundation for future conquests.

By capturing Tezia, the Republic gained control of important trade routes and access to valuable resources such as crops and minerals. This would have likely boosted the Republic's economy, as it would have allowed them to trade with other city-states and regions more easily. Additionally, the incorporation of the Tezianian people into the Republic would have increased the Republic's population and tax base, providing more revenue for the government. The conquest of Tezia also led to the establishment of new colonies and settlements in the region, further expanding the Republic's economy and influence in Sarpedon.

The First Imperium (136-890)

Piracy in the Duranis

During the 9th century, large tribes of Sarpic descent began migrating and living near the lake Duranis, located on Caphiria's southern border and neighboring present-day Volonia. These tribes were collectively referred to as the păgâni de la vora sud, or pagans from the southern edge, as they were for long pagan when neighboring tribes were Christianized. The Imperium's military strength was primarily land-based, which meant it had a reduced navy at that time and relied on hiring ships as needed. As a result, the Sarpic tribes turned to raid and piracy and quickly became consolidated and organized without fear of significant retaliation. Coastal communities unable to fend off the pirate incursions were forced to come to an understanding with the pirates and thus became havens. One of the most prominent tribes was the Društvar, who was known for the creation of the "Društvari Code," a set of rules that governed their behavior and laid a loose groundwork for an honor system.

As a group whose central reason for being brought together was Christianity, the Društvar's explanation for piracy and warfare rested in their religion. These people felt they were fighting a holy war against the Christian enemy in defense of the boundaries of their native pagan religion. As a result, they established the Društvari Code to preserve their traditions and values. Honor is what they believed to be the essential quality a hero could have, which all Društvari strived to be. Other crucial aspects of the Društvari heroic honor were loyalty to their village, army, and band; proper attention to every knight and obligation; readiness to lay down their lives or spill their blood in time of war; experience in warfare; ability to benefit their village; success and glory in duels with the Latins and other enemies of the Christian faith; and severity in punishing those who were disobedient or rebellious. It was also made known the Društvari qualities that would cancel out one's honor: reluctance to shed one's blood; failure to engage the enemy in battle; groundless boasting; avoidance of risks on the frontier; inability to take prisoners, trophies, or booty; meanness in rewards to comrades or spies; the absence of any general recognition of one's manliness; and the lack of battle scars or wounds. From these principles, it is clear that the Društvari admired the strength and arrogance of a hero and despised the weakness displayed by a coward. The importance of these principles was instilled in boys at a young age; taught to take part in competitions, they would test their strength and agility through racing, fighting, and throwing stones at one another until blood ran. This gave the Društvari a reputation as fearsome warriors who enjoyed war for the sake of war, something that terrified the aristocracy of the Imperium, who was growing more concerned that they would not be satisfied with raiding along the Duranis for long.

In 810, it was reported that the number of păgâni de la vora sud was 6,500. By 875, the number had increased to 25,000. They had become fierce enemies of the Imperium, having attacked Latin merchants and clergy passing on the Duranis and even raided close to the mainland. By this time, the păgâni de la vora sud had become interested in expanding, attempting to control the Duranis and all of its trade. The Imperium would not let this stand, so fights for the possession of the Duranis began for a decade. To prevent people from harboring a pirate, it was made known that those who did harbor a pirate or any stolen good would be treated the same as the pirates. However, this led to massive exploitation as it became a frequent way for political (and personal) rivals to accuse their foes of protecting or enabling the pirates. This llistat de noms (listing of names) of supposed pirate chiefs included Latin nobles, wealthy merchants, senior members of the clergy, and even an Imperator's concubine.

By 882, the păgâni de la vora sud - led by the Društvar raiders, had complete control of the Duranis. The head of Caphiria's southern legions, Dragapito, demanded that the lake be transferred to his control, or he would bring the full force of the Imperial Legion on them. The leader of the Društvari, a fierce but intelligent warrior, named Daro Nokto understood this was simply a vague threat as it would be ludicrous to do that, as well as knowing that the Imperium was not as politically stable as it once was. Daro Nokto wrote a list of demands in return for the Duranis, asking compensation for their great suffering at the hands of the "keresztégők," or cross-burners. He demanded 2,500,000 tremis (silver coins), but Dragapito made no commitments to these demands. While the Imperium had the funds to pay the ransom, not a single senator voted to support it, and they passed a separate bill to authorize a third of the legion to mobilize to the Duranis.

Dragapito sent word to meet Daro Nokto in person to negotiate the terms of the ransom further, and a meeting was arranged for the first day of summer, June 21. The meeting was an ambush, however, and Dragapito and his men were slaughtered soon after they arrived at the port town of Töröm.

The Second Imperium (900-1172)

The Great Civil War (1127-1172)

This period, from 1127 to 1172, is known as the Civil War Era due to the dozen civil wars over four decades as contention for leadership and political groups vied for control over the massive and wealthy state. The most famous of these was between Marius Oratonius and Quinus Sator Alercius and the subsequent war between their successors and die-hard loyalists. The Civil War Era began as a series of political and military confrontations between Marius Oratonius and Quinus Sator Alercius, who were looking to shift Caphiria in opposite directions. Oratonius wanted to continue to become an empire and spread Latin culture to the known world, whereas Alercius wanted to bring back the politically conservative and socially traditionalist Republic. This led to the state splitting into two: a monarchy in the north and a republic in the south. To complicate things further, the spread and dominance of Christianity could no longer be shunned; until this time, the official policy towards Christianity was hostile, and at some points, simply being a Christian could be punishable by death. Oratonius used this to his advantage, officially converting to Christianity in 1079. While he isn't recognized as the first Imperator to convert to Christianity due to the circumstances, he is recognized as the first person to give it legitimacy within the Imperium. Oratonius was then seen as a man of God, a man on the right side of the war. This helped him win the minds of many who did not initially support him and ultimately gave him an edge that the elder Alercius did not have on his side, the side of the old guard.

The Great Civil War was a fifteen-year-long politico-military struggle fought over most of Caphiria, Cartadania, Pelaxia, Talionia, and even Audonia. The culmination of the Great Civil War was the Battle of Silanus, where Oratonius' army defeated Alercius'. Oratonius sustained severe injuries in the battle and died shortly before the victory. He told his general Lucius Legarus Pius to spare Alercius if they were to capture him since he had deserted from battle after surveying the landscape and figuring he would lose. Pius assumed command and took over the army, and wasted little time in searching for Alercius. After several months of searching, they found him hiding in the Cimisi-Extressio region of Abderia, a city-state bordering the Lacio mountains. Abderia wanted no part in the war, quickly giving Alercius to Pius and, true to his word, after bringing him back to Venceia, spared Alercius' life. He did, however, strip him of his power, status, and class, effective neutering if there ever was one. Pius then exiled Alercius in 1110 and spent the next five years putting Caphiria back together after the last several decades of disarray and borderline anarchy. Pius was as intelligent in politics as he was on the battlefield and knew that the only way to solve the issues once and for all was a compromise. The stresses and strains of those years (chronic usurpations, military insurrections, simultaneous military conflicts across multiple frontiers) exposed the weaknesses in the Caphirian Republic and the Principate, forcing a radically different approach to governance.

The Third Imperium (1283-1782)

Dominate era (1591-1677)

Great Schism of 1615

The culmination of theological and political differences between the Christian north and south was the Great Schism of 1615, where a break of communion between what is now the Catholic Church and the Imperial Church of Caphiria occurred. Over the previous centuries, during the Dominate era, the role of religion was under heavy scrutiny and skepticism. Ecclesiastical papers began being published condemning the Catholic Church over several issues in the late 16th century, with the Catholic Church producing propaganda blaming Caphiria's rise of imperialism and wicked ways. The Latin Christian community was being split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, with each side sometimes accusing the other of having fallen into heresy and of having initiated the division. In 1615, the formal break occurred when Imperator Pius XII formally announced that the Basilicæ Magni, the cathedral and home of the Caphirian Church, would be breaking communion to form the Caphiric Catholic Church. This led to combining the secular and religious authorities and a new form of government, the caesaropapacy. The caesaropapacy meant emperors were regarded as more excellent than other mortals, though not quite as deities in their own right, further playing into the concept of princeps. For many years, pro-Catholic factions continued to challenge the leadership of the new Caphiric Church. These factions, and the people that supported the Catholic Church still, were known as Traditionalists and were heavily persecuted and executed under heresy laws. This period is known as the Months of Bloody Sundays as it was common practice for the Imperator to simply execute any people who were not coming to church in protest. Traditionalists were executed under legislation that punished anyone judged guilty of heresy against the Caphiric Church. Ultimately, the Caphiric Church went through a series of reformations (The Reformations of 1627), and the church was renamed the Caphiric Catholic Church. There were only a handful of modifications, namely that the Imperator of Caphiria was given many ecclesiastical titles: Episcopus Caphiria ("Bishop of Caphiria"), Pius Felix ("Pious and Blessed"), Santissimus Pater ("Most Holy Father"), Vicarius Christi ("Vicar of God") and was named Pontifex Maximus, giving him the ultimate authority of presiding over the Imperial Church. This was codified in the Constitution of Caphiria and constitutionally established the Imperial Church by the state with the Head of State as its Pope. As time went on, the identity of the marriage of the Imperatorship with the papacy became less clear. Eventually, the emperor became recognized more for his legal authority than his religious one.