6,580
edits
Kiravic Coscivian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m
→Nouns
m (→Nouns) |
|||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
As in all other Cosco-Adratic languages, the most important {{wp|word class}} in Kiravic is the {{wp|noun}}. Nouns are the primary bearers of meaning, and most information in a typical Kiravic sentence is contained in its {{wp|noun phrase|noun phrases}}. Because Kiravic has few verbs compared to most languages, it relies heavily on {{wp|case governance}} and verb-noun constructions to approximate what many languages might express with a single, unitary verb. As such, noun morphology in Kiravic is rather complex, and the various noun cases can be used to convey a number of different meanings. | As in all other Cosco-Adratic languages, the most important {{wp|word class}} in Kiravic is the {{wp|noun}}. Nouns are the primary bearers of meaning, and most information in a typical Kiravic sentence is contained in its {{wp|noun phrase|noun phrases}}. Because Kiravic has few verbs compared to most languages, it relies heavily on {{wp|case governance}} and verb-noun constructions to approximate what many languages might express with a single, unitary verb. As such, noun morphology in Kiravic is rather complex, and the various noun cases can be used to convey a number of different meanings. | ||
Kiravic nouns inflect for two numbers (singular/nonplural and plural) and X main cases: The absolutive, ergative, genitive, indirect, locative, lative, essive, benefactive, and instrumental. Within the absolutive case, nouns further inflect for three tenses (present/gnomic, past, future, imperative) and two aspects (simple and perfect). | Kiravic nouns inflect for two numbers (singular/nonplural and plural) and X main cases: The absolutive, ergative, genitive, indirect, locative, lative, essive, benefactive, and instrumental. Within the absolutive case, nouns further inflect for three tenses (present/gnomic, past, future, imperative) and two aspects (simple and perfect).\ | ||
There are four general declension patterns in Kiravic, characterised by the suffixes taken in the absolutive and genitive cases: | |||
*'''Form I -''' Absolutive ''-v'' ⇒ genitive ''-l''<br> | |||
*'''Form II -''' Absolutive ''-a'' ⇒ genitive ''-á''<br> | |||
*'''Form III -''' Absolutive ''-n'', ''-r'', ''-m'' ⇒ genitive ''-sk''<br> | |||
*'''Form IV -''' Absolutive ''-k'' ⇒ genitive ''-idek''<br> | |||
====Grammatical cases==== | ====Grammatical cases==== | ||
| Line 56: | Line 63: | ||
"The person sees" | "The person sees" | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rusto'''th''' <u>fidi'''n'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person sees the building" | "The person sees the building" | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 62: | Line 69: | ||
The tense (past, present, future, jussive) and aspect (imperfect, perfect) of a sentence are marked on the absolutive noun. | The tense (past, present, future, jussive) and aspect (imperfect, perfect) of a sentence are marked on the absolutive noun. | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''ste'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person saw the building" | "The person saw the building" | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''stéi'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person had seen the building" | "The person had seen the building" | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''sti'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person has seen the building" | "The person has seen the building" | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''sto'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person will see the building" | "The person will see the building" | ||
''Sta | ''Sta rustoth <u>fidi'''stói'''</u>''<br> | ||
"The person will have seen the building" | "The person will have seen the building" | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
| Line 87: | Line 94: | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
"Let them eat <u>cake</u>" | "Let them eat <u>cake</u>" | ||
<br> | |||
<br> | |||
Kiravic has few verbs, so many actions are expressed through noun-verb couplets (compare the English examples "eat dinner" vs. "dine", "make a sale" vs. "sell"). For example, "to push" in Kiravic is ''va stugon'' (lit. "do a push"), "to welcome" is ''tá rædor'' (lit. "to give welcome"). The second, or indirect, object, which does not form part of the couplet, is marked in the '''indirect''' case, indicated by the suffix ''-m'' for Form I and Form II nouns, and ''-nt'' or ''-d'' for Form III nouns. | |||
''Rustoth stugon va vāli'''nt''''' / ''Rustoth stugon va ruku'''m''''' | |||
<br> | |||
"The person pushed the case" / "The person pushed the bucket" | |||
====Constructive cases==== | |||
In addition to the three grammatical cases which establish the structure of a sentence, Kiravic nouns also decline for several "constructive cases" that are used to form {{wp|noun phrase}}s. | |||
*'''Genitive''' - Indicates possession, composition, and origin. Also forms infinitive constructions with the verbal nouns (see below). | |||
*'''Benefactive''' - Indicates purpose or destination. | |||
*'''Instructive''' - Instructive. | |||
*'''Essive (formal)''' - Formal essive. | |||
*'''Essive (modal)''' - Modal essive. | |||
====Adpositional "cases"==== | |||
Kiravic nouns can also take on a number of regular adpositional suffixes indicating spatial/temporal position and motion. These are not cases ''per se'' but were traditionally treated as such by Occidental linguists, so here they are: | |||
====Proper and Indeclinable Nouns==== | ====Proper and Indeclinable Nouns==== | ||