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Kiravian federalism: Difference between revisions

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{{See also|Constitutional History of Kiravia}}
{{See also|Constitutional History of Kiravia}}


Under the Confederal Republics of Kirav, the purview of Confederal government was quite narrow, mainly limited to maintaining a common currency, enforcing customs, defensive works and raising armies in times of war, diplomatic and Urom relations, and running the Navy and postal service. The first Federal constitution significantly expanded the domestic power of the federal government, but largely maintained the assignment of the {{wp|high and low politics|high politics}} of national security and foreign affairs to the federal government and the {{wp|high and low politics|low politics}} of economic and social affairs to the states and territories. During the 20th century AD, the technological and economic changes of high modernity, as well as parallel developments in the [[Kiravian Remnant]] and [[Kiravian Union]] permanently disrupted the cleanly-delineated {{wp|dual federalism|layer-cake}} model of Kiravian federalism. On the territory of the Kiravian Union, federalism was abolished. In the Kiravian Remnant, federalism was preserved, but the central government assumed a dramatically more powerful role in domestic affairs in order to maintain the rump federation's survival. The Restoration renewed public interest in subsidiarity and regional self-governance, but also a greater demand for regional parity and integrated economic development, resulting in the current arrangement of [[Kiravian Federalism#Themes|thematic]] and {{wp|cooperative federalism|coöperative federalism}}.
Under the Confederal Republics of Kirav, the purview of Confederal government was quite narrow, mainly limited to maintaining a common currency, enforcing customs, defensive works and raising armies in times of war, diplomatic and Urom relations, and running the Navy and postal service. The first Federal constitution significantly expanded the domestic power of the federal government, but largely maintained the assignment of the {{wp|high and low politics|high politics}} of national security and foreign affairs to the federal government and the {{wp|high and low politics|low politics}} of economic and social affairs to the states and territories. During the 20th century AD, the technological and economic changes of high modernity, as well as parallel developments in the [[Kiravian Remnant]] and [[Kiravian Union]] permanently disrupted the cleanly-delineated {{wp|dual federalism|layer-cake}} model of Kiravian federalism. On the territory of the Kiravian Union, federalism was abolished. In the Kiravian Remnant, federalism was preserved, but the central government assumed a dramatically more powerful role in domestic affairs in order to maintain the rump federation's survival. [[Kiravian Reunification|Reunification in 1985 AD]] renewed public interest in {{wp|subsidiarity}} and regional self-governance, but also a greater demand for regional parity and integrated economic development, resulting in the current arrangement of [[Kiravian Federalism#Themes|thematic]] and {{wp|cooperative federalism|coöperative federalism}}.


==Themes==
==Themes==
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|-
|-
|[[File:SydonaFlag.png|100px]]
|[[File:SydonaFlag.png|100px]]
|Sydonan People's Republic
|Sydonan Popular Republic
|Unitary
|Unitary
|Special
|Special
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|Y,000
|Y,000
|-
|-
|[[File:Flag of Somaliland (Orange).svg|100px]]
|[[File:SouthKiravFlag.png|100px]]
|[[South Kirav]]
|[[South Kirav]]
|Federative
|Federative
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|-
|-
|[[File:TealEnsign-Light.png|100px]]
|[[File:TealEnsign-Light.png|100px]]
|Overseas Regions
|[[Overseas Regions]]
|''neuter''
|''neuter''
|General
|General
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|Y,000
|Y,000
|-
|-
|[[File:High_resolution_Osean_national_flag.png|100px]]
|[[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|100px]]
|Autonomous Regions
|Autonomous Regions
|Federative
|Federative
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==Policy distribution==
==Policy distribution==
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
! style="background-color:#afc8da;" | Federal
! style="background-color:#c0c3e2;" | Federal
! style="background-color:#a0d5d1;" | Concurrent
! style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | Concurrent
! style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | Provincial
! style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | Provincial
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | High Politics
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#efefef;" | High Politics
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ {{wp|National security}}<br>‣ {{wp|Foreign policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Colonial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Migration policy}}
| ‣ {{wp|National security}}<br>‣ {{wp|Foreign policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Colonial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Migration policy}}
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1;" | ‣ {{wp|Civil defence}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Civil defence}}
| style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | ‣ {{wp|Policing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public order}}<br>‣ {{wp|Criminal law|Criminal justice}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ {{wp|Policing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public order}}<br>‣ {{wp|Criminal law|Criminal justice}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Economics
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Economics
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ {{wp|Monetary policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Commercial policy|Foreign commerce}}<br>‣ {{wp|Common market|Inter-provincial commerce}}<br>‣ {{wp|Competition law}}<br><br><br><br>‣ {{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (deepwater)
| ‣ {{wp|Monetary policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Commercial policy|Foreign commerce}}<br>‣ {{wp|Common market|Inter-provincial commerce}}<br>‣ {{wp|Competition law}}<br><br><br><br>‣ {{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (deepwater)
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1;" | ‣ {{wp|Economic development|Development policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Industrial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Consumer protection}}<br>‣ {{wp|Financial regulation}}<br>‣ {{wp|Agricultural policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insolvency law|Insolvency}}<br>
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Economic development|Development policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Industrial policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Consumer protection}}<br>‣ {{wp|Financial regulation}}<br>‣ {{wp|Agricultural policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insolvency law|Insolvency}}<br>
| style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | ‣ {{wp|Domestic trade|Intra-provincial trade}}<br>‣ {{wp|Natural resources}}<br>‣ {{wp|Corporate law|Corporate governance}}<br>‣ {{wp|Labour policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Spatial planning|Land use policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|British society|Licensing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insurance policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (territorial waters)
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ {{wp|Domestic trade|Intra-provincial trade}}<br>‣ {{wp|Natural resources}}<br>‣ {{wp|Corporate law|Corporate governance}}<br>‣ {{wp|Labour policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Spatial planning|Land use policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|British society|Licensing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Insurance policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Fisheries law|Fisheries}} (territorial waters)
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Administration
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Administration
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ {{wp|Intellectual property}}<br>‣ [[Kiravian nationality law|Nationality law]] and Consular services<br>‣ Citizenship and naturalisation<br>‣ {{wp|Ship registration}}<br>
| ‣ {{wp|Intellectual property}}<br>‣ [[Kiravian nationality law|Nationality law]] and Consular services<br>‣ Citizenship and naturalisation<br>‣ {{wp|Ship registration}}<br>
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2; color:#000000;" |  
| style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | ‣ Local and municipal government<br>‣ Elections<br>‣ Court administration<br>‣ Property law and registries<br>‣ [[Marital and family law in Kiravia|Marriage and guardianship]]<br>‣ [[Household registration in Kiravia|Civil registration]]<br>‣ {{wp|Vehicle registration}}<br>‣ {{wp|Treasure trove}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Local and municipal government<br>‣ Elections<br>‣ Court administration<br>‣ Property law and registries<br>‣ [[Marital and family law in Kiravia|Marriage and guardianship]]<br>‣ [[Household registration in Kiravia|Civil registration]]<br>‣ [[Passport system in the Kiravian Federacy|Internal passports]]<br>‣ {{wp|Vehicle registration|Motor vehicle registration}}<br>‣ {{wp|Treasure trove}}
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#efefef;"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:#000000;" | Public Services
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:#000000;" | Public Services
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ Postal service<br>‣ Social Pension System<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Forest highways
| ‣ Postal service<br>‣ Social Pension System<br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Forest highways
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1; color:#000000;" | ‣ Healthcare financing<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Federal highways
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2; color:#000000;" | ‣ Healthcare financing<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>‣ Federal highways
| style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | ‣ Public education<br>‣ Public universities<br>‣ {{wp|Housing policy}}, {{wp|Public housing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Welfare policy|Welfare}}<br>‣ {{wp|Mosquito control}}<br><br>‣ {{wp|Public utilities}}<br>‣ {{wp|Emergency services}}<br>‣ Health quarantine and colonies<br>‣ Other public roads
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Public education<br>‣ Public universities<br>‣ {{wp|Housing policy}}, {{wp|Public housing}}<br>‣ {{wp|Welfare policy|Welfare}}<br>‣ {{wp|Mosquito control}}<br>‣ Highway rest stops<br>‣ {{wp|Public utilities}}<br>‣ {{wp|Emergency services}}<br>‣ Health quarantine and colonies<br>‣ Other public roads
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Policy
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Policy
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ [[Marble Emperor|Imperial affairs]] and protocol<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Video poker law]]
| ‣ [[Marble Emperor|Imperial affairs]] and protocol<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Video poker law]]
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1;" | ‣ {{wp|Ethnarch|Traditional rulers}}<br>‣ {{wp|Drug policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public holiday|Holidays and observances}}
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ {{wp|Ethnarch|Traditional rulers}}<br>‣ {{wp|Drug policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public holiday|Holidays and observances}}
| style="background-color:#afd1bd; color:#000000;" | ‣ {{wp|Language policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Education policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|State churches}}<br>‣ {{wp|Privacy law}}<br><br>‣ Broadcasting<br>‣ {{wp|Censorship}}<br>‣ {{wp|Category:Fireworks policy by country|Pyrotechnics policy}}<br>‣ Lotteries & Bookmaking<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Pari-mutuel betting law]]<br>‣ {{wp|Drunk driving law by country|Beveraged driver persecution}}
| style="background-color:#c0e2df; color:#000000;" | ‣ {{wp|Language policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Education policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|State churches}}<br>‣ {{wp|Customary law}}<br>‣ {{wp|Privacy law}}<br><br>‣ Broadcasting<br>‣ {{wp|Censorship}}<br>‣ {{wp|Public space|Public spaces}}<br>‣ {{wp|Category:Fireworks policy by country|Pyrotechnics policy}}<br>‣ Lotteries & Bookmaking<br>‣ [[Gambling in Kiravia|Pari-mutuel betting law]]<br>‣ {{wp|Traffic regulations| Traffic and parking policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Drunk driving law by country|Beveraged driver persecution}}
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Miscellaneous
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important;" | Miscellaneous
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#afc8da;"
|- style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; background-color:#c0c3e2;"
| ‣ {{wp|Maritime policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Space policy}}
| ‣ {{wp|Maritime policy}}<br>‣ {{wp|Space policy}}
| style="background-color:#a0d5d1;" | ‣ Environmental policy<br>‣ ''[[Urom]]'' affairs
| style="background-color:#c0d4e2;" | ‣ Environmental policy<br>‣ ''[[Urom]]'' affairs
| style="background-color:#afd1bd;" | ‣ Antiquities policy<br>‣ Field archæology
| style="background-color:#c0e2df;" | ‣ Antiquities policy<br>‣ Field archæology
|}
|}


===Modes of Concurrence===
===Modes of Concurrence===
====Federal Demesne====
In a sphere of spatial and functional contexts known as the '''federal demesne''' that are outside the jurisdiction of any individual province, the federal government assumes responsibilities normally belonging to the provinces, mainly in the area of administration. For example, although marriage and divorce are regulated by the provinces, the Federal government sets laws on these subjects that apply on federal military bases, federal prisons, and Kiravian-flagged ships at sea.
====Provincial Administration of Federal Programmes====
Provincial agencies may have a suppporting or primary role in administering programmes authorised at the federal level. For example, the process of evaluating, selecting, and monitoring projects that receive grants from the [[Kiravian_Development_Executive#Structural_Adjustment_Fund|Structural Adjustment Fund]] (part of the federal budget), is largely carried out by provincial and sub-provincial entities known as Designated Management Authorities (DMAs), most of which are provincial and cantonal development ministries.
The Federal Highway System is federally-planned and built and maintained according to federal standards, and is funded out of the federal budget. However, construction and maintenance of the Federal Highways using these funds is the responsibility of the provinces, and the land on which they are built belongs to the Emperor in the right of the provinces rather than the right of the Federacy.
====Provincial Supplementation====
On subjects where federal law controls, in cases where federal law establishes a minimum restriction or requirement, provinces may enact a restriction or requirement greater than the federal minimum.
====Parallelism====
=====Foreign Relations=====
Perhaps the most interesting example of parallelism comes in the realm of foreign relations, where many of the more economically competitive Kiravian provinces conduct extensive {{wp|paradiplomacy}} activities and maintain foreign trade, investment, and tourism promotion offices abroad, even though foreign relations are properly the preserve of the Federal government. In the case ''Protestants in Service of Kiravia v. Hanoram'', the [[Federal Consistory]] ruled that states (though not other provinces) may sign {{wp|concordats}} with the [[Holy See]], an external sovereign entity, regarding matters within their competence.


==Classes==
==Classes==
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*'''Full constitutional patriation''' - Whereas the chartered governments of other provinces are enacted (either unilaterally or bilaterally) by federal lawmaking bodies, can be revoked or suspended on federal authority, and require federal assent for amendments, state constitutions are creatures of state law alone. State constitutions must satisfy the minumum requirements laid out in Article F of the Kiravian constitution.
*'''Full constitutional patriation''' - Whereas the chartered governments of other provinces are enacted (either unilaterally or bilaterally) by federal lawmaking bodies, can be revoked or suspended on federal authority, and require federal assent for amendments, state constitutions are creatures of state law alone. State constitutions must satisfy the minumum requirements laid out in Article F of the Kiravian constitution.
*'''Central bank equity''' - States are required to pay up their share of capital in the [[Reserve Bank of Kirav]], according to a decennial capital key that accounts for each state's gross regional product and population.
*'''Central bank equity''' - States are required to pay up their share of capital in the [[Reserve Bank of Kirav]], according to a decennial capital key that accounts for each state's gross regional product and population.
*'''Fiscal autonomy''' - State governments are not subject to audit by federal agents.
*'''Fiscal autonomy''' - State governments are not subject to audit by federal agents. The {{wp|sovereign wealth|wealth}} and {{wp|sovereign debt|debt}} of the States are sovereign, and the federal government cannot seize, freeze, appropriate, or otherwise interfere with state funds or financial assets. This contrasts with the situation in chartered territories/entrustancies, intendancies, dependencies, etc., where the federal government is empowered and obligated to suspend the province's charter or articles of government and assume control of its finances in order to address a fiscal emergency.


==Federalism and the Emperor==
==Federalism and the Emperor==
From the outset of Kiravian federation, it was established that the [[Marble Emperor]] reigns both in the right of the Federacy and in the right of each province. The federal government and the provincial governments alike are instituted in the Emperor's name and govern on the Emperor's behalf.
From the outset of Kiravian federation, it was established that the [[Marble Emperor]] reigns both in the right of the Federacy and in the right of each province. The federal government and the provincial governments alike are instituted in the Emperor's name and govern on the Emperor's behalf. Imperial rights, powers, and prerogatives may be held at either the federal or provincial level. For example, the Emperor's power of {{wp|escheat}}, rights to {{wp|treasure trove}}, and ownership of {{wp|amber}} deposits are exercised by provincial governments; whereas the Emperor's {{wp|salvage rights}} and ownership of the {{wp|electromagnetic spectrum}} are exercised by the federal government.


==Judicial federalism==
==Judicial federalism==
The Kiravian justice system comprises the federal judiciary and the provincial judiciaries. The provincial court systems are distinct from the federal system and from each other, with each having its own organisational apparatus, norms, and body of cultivated law and precedent.
The overwhelming majority of legal matters in Kiravia are brought before provincial courts and addressed at that level, while most of the remainder originate in federal trial courts. The scope and volume of appeals from provincial courts to federal courts is more limited in Kiravia than in other federations, and generally only occurs after the entire provincial appellate process has been exhausted. In regards to cases involving {{wp|constitutional rights}}, federal judges apply a doctrine of {{wp|subsidiarity}} holding that in matters where the federal and provincial constitutions are redundant, federal courts should not hear cases until provincial recourse has been exhausted.
The jurisdiction of the federal judiciary is defined by the Kiravian constitution:


==Fiscal federalism==
==Fiscal federalism==
''See also: [[Taxation in Kiravia]]''
The taxation régime in the KF is structured to ensure that the provinces have a sufficient independent domestic revenue base to finance good governance, while also providing adequate funding for common purposes such as national defence and structural support to underdeveloped regions.
The taxation régime in the KF is structured to ensure that the provinces have a sufficient independent domestic revenue base to finance good governance, while also providing adequate funding for common purposes such as national defence and structural support to underdeveloped regions.


Federal government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|income taxes}} and {{wp|customs duties}}, and secondarily from a selection of excises on interprovincial commerce. Provincial government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|consumption taxes}} and {{wp|land value tax}}, and secondarily from {{wp|stamp taxes}}, and specific duties (e.g. on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, men's magazines, electricity). In some provinces, {{wp|resource rents}} contribute significantly to the public coffers.
Federal government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|income taxes}}, {{wp|consumption tax}} allocations, and {{wp|customs duties}}, and secondarily from a selection of excises on interprovincial commerce, most prominently energy-related taxes on fuels and electricity. Provincial government revenue comes primarily from {{wp|land value tax}} and {{wp|consumption tax}} allocations, and secondarily from {{wp|stamp taxes}} and specific duties (e.g. on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and men's magazines). Liquor taxes are particularly lucrative, and their enforcement is a high priority for provincial revenue agencies, given that liquor tax evasion is similarly profitable. In some provinces, {{wp|resource rents}} and revenue from {{wp|public lands}} contribute significantly to the government coffers. Whereas the scope of federal taxation power is circumscribed by the constitution, provincial taxation is not so constrained: The provinces have wide-reaching power to levy taxes of their own accord within the ambit of their respective charters, and are free to impose concurrent taxes with the federal government (e.g. a provincial income tax), and also to delegate taxation authority to lower levels of government, such as cantons, countyships, municipalities, or special purpose bodies such as water control districts and local school boards.


Both the Federacy (the [[Kiravian International Investment Fund]]) and a few resource-rich provinces (e.g. [[Korlēdan]]) operate {{wp|sovereign wealth funds}}. The federal KIIF serves as an instrument of foreign policy and often furthers Kiravian strategic goals, whereas the provincial sovereign wealth funds mostly serve to defray certain administrative costs (for example, public school expenses) and support the government in times of fiscal emergency.  
Both the Federacy (the [[Kiravian International Investment Fund]]) and a few resource-rich provinces (e.g. [[Korlēdan]]) operate {{wp|sovereign wealth funds}}. The federal KIIF serves as an instrument of foreign policy and often furthers Kiravian strategic goals, whereas the provincial sovereign wealth funds mostly serve to defray certain administrative costs (for example, public school expenses) and support the government in times of fiscal emergency.  


===Structural and Devolved Funds===
===Structural and Devolved Funds===
A significant share of the federal budget is received by provincial governments or involves the participation of provincial governments in managing the expenditure. This category of federal expenditure includes funded mandates (when provinces carry out a federal function or administer a federal programme at federal expense), devolved funds (funds granted to the states to manage in support of broad policy goals, such as highway funds), and more substantively concurrent programmes such as the [[Kiravian_Development_Executive#Structural_Adjustment_Fund|Structural Adjustment Fund]], in which both federal and provincial bodies have an active role in the management of federal funds.
The Structural Adjustment Fund is the largest and most important of the structural funds, and is intended to support economic development, maintain nationwide social stability and cohesion, and reduce regional disparities in growth and standards of living. It accounts for a majority of federal spending on domestic development aid. SAF grants are administered by the federal Development Executive together with select provincial and subprovincial agencies known as Designated Management Authorities. Designated Management Authorities receive grant applications and screen out ineligible or informal proposals. They then evaluate proposals on the merits and select which to send on to Kartika for further consideration by the Development Executive. At the federal level, the Structural Adjustment Fund Administration’s Boards of Review and Allowance make their final selections based on a "Blue Book" of federal standards, supplemented by memoranda issued by the Chief Development Executive expressing the current administration’s development strategy and priorities. Post-grant, both the DMA and the SAFA’s Office of Supervision receive reports from receiving organisations on the use of grant money and monitor the implementation of projects to ensure compliance with federal regulations and the grant agreement.


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Kiravian politics]]
[[Category:Kiravian politics]]
[[Category:IXWB]]
[[Category:IXWB]]
[[Category: 2022 Award winning pages]]
{{Template:Award winning article}}
[[Category:2022 Award winning pages]]
[[Category:IXWB]]

Latest revision as of 11:42, 11 July 2024

The Kiravian Federacy is structured as an asymmetric federation in which the powers and responsibilities of governance are shared between the federal government and the governments of the various federal subjects, which include states, territories, and other regional entities, also referred to generically in Ænglish as provinces. The degree to and manner in which the federal subjects are self-governing varies according to their classification and the particular details of their constituting documents.

History


Under the Confederal Republics of Kirav, the purview of Confederal government was quite narrow, mainly limited to maintaining a common currency, enforcing customs, defensive works and raising armies in times of war, diplomatic and Urom relations, and running the Navy and postal service. The first Federal constitution significantly expanded the domestic power of the federal government, but largely maintained the assignment of the high politics of national security and foreign affairs to the federal government and the low politics of economic and social affairs to the states and territories. During the 20th century AD, the technological and economic changes of high modernity, as well as parallel developments in the Kiravian Remnant and Kiravian Union permanently disrupted the cleanly-delineated layer-cake model of Kiravian federalism. On the territory of the Kiravian Union, federalism was abolished. In the Kiravian Remnant, federalism was preserved, but the central government assumed a dramatically more powerful role in domestic affairs in order to maintain the rump federation's survival. Reunification in 1985 AD renewed public interest in subsidiarity and regional self-governance, but also a greater demand for regional parity and integrated economic development, resulting in the current arrangement of thematic and coöperative federalism.

Themes

The contemporary Kiravian Federacy is organised according to the principle of "thematic federalism" (glédistralix vuntirisēn), under which the provinces are divided among groups known as "themes" (Coscivian: glédistra). The themes were instituted under the Restoration Constitution to preserve national cohesion while addressing the differing policy needs of geographically distant regions, and to ensure fair representation of different regions in major political decisions. Themes are not a level of government in their own right and do not have any lawmaking powers. Thematic institutions, where they exist, are purely representative, deliberative, and coördinative.

Flag Theme Type Class Population (2030 Census) GDP/capita

Federation of Kiravian States Federative General X,000,000 Y,000
Commonwealth of Sarolasta Federative General X,000,000 Y,000
Sydonan Popular Republic Unitary Special X,000,000 Y,000
Melian Archipelagic Republic Unitary Special X,000,000 Y,000
South Kirav Federative Special X,000,000 Y,000
Overseas Regions neuter General X,000,000 Y,000
Autonomous Regions Federative General X,000,000 Y,000

The themes have a constitutional role and are referenced in qualified majority voting in the federal legislative process and constitutional procedures such as the election of the Prime Executive. Themes also have a policy role: the Restoration Constitution advises that the application of federal policy should be uniform within themes as much as is prudent and vary among themes as much as prudent. Themes are most prominent in policy areas related to the movement of people and goods, as different approaches to migration controls and regulation of inter-provincial commerce have been adopted to accommodate the different development needs and cultural considerations of particular themes. In the ōvsix ("general") themes - the Federation, Sarolasta, and the Overseas Regions, such policies are set by the federal government and applied on a theme-by-theme (or province-by-province in the Overseas Regions) basis, whereas in the elurix ("special") themes - South Kirav, Sydona, and the Melian Isles - considerable authority is devolved to the provincial governments within the theme to agree upon a common policy for themselves within constitutional parameters.

Two themes - the Sydonan and the Melian - contain only one province each. In these "unitary themes", the government of the sole province represents the theme in constitutional procedures and exercises any devolved powers on its own. In most of the remaining themes, termed "federative themes", the constituent subjects create common institutions by interprovincial compact to carry out these functions. Sarolasta, for example, has a Commonwealth Council of ranking provincial legislators and cabinet officers, and a popularly-elected President who serves as a spokesman and public advocate. The Overseas Regions do not have any common institutions.

Policy distribution

Federal Concurrent Provincial
High Politics
National security
Foreign policy
Colonial policy
Migration policy
Civil defence Policing
Public order
Criminal justice
Economics
Monetary policy
Foreign commerce
Inter-provincial commerce
Competition law



Fisheries (deepwater)
Development policy
Industrial policy
Consumer protection
Financial regulation
Agricultural policy
Insolvency
Intra-provincial trade
Natural resources
Corporate governance
Labour policy
Land use policy
Licensing
Insurance policy
Fisheries (territorial waters)
Administration
Intellectual property
Nationality law and Consular services
‣ Citizenship and naturalisation
Ship registration
‣ Local and municipal government
‣ Elections
‣ Court administration
‣ Property law and registries
Marriage and guardianship
Civil registration
Internal passports
Motor vehicle registration
Treasure trove
Public Services
‣ Postal service
‣ Social Pension System






‣ Forest highways
‣ Healthcare financing







‣ Federal highways
‣ Public education
‣ Public universities
Housing policy, Public housing
Welfare
Mosquito control
‣ Highway rest stops
Public utilities
Emergency services
‣ Health quarantine and colonies
‣ Other public roads
Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Policy
Imperial affairs and protocol
Video poker law
Traditional rulers
Drug policy
Holidays and observances
Language policy
Education policy
State churches
Customary law
Privacy law

‣ Broadcasting
Censorship
Public spaces
Pyrotechnics policy
‣ Lotteries & Bookmaking
Pari-mutuel betting law
Traffic and parking policy
Beveraged driver persecution
Miscellaneous
Maritime policy
Space policy
‣ Environmental policy
Urom affairs
‣ Antiquities policy
‣ Field archæology

Modes of Concurrence

Federal Demesne

In a sphere of spatial and functional contexts known as the federal demesne that are outside the jurisdiction of any individual province, the federal government assumes responsibilities normally belonging to the provinces, mainly in the area of administration. For example, although marriage and divorce are regulated by the provinces, the Federal government sets laws on these subjects that apply on federal military bases, federal prisons, and Kiravian-flagged ships at sea.

Provincial Administration of Federal Programmes

Provincial agencies may have a suppporting or primary role in administering programmes authorised at the federal level. For example, the process of evaluating, selecting, and monitoring projects that receive grants from the Structural Adjustment Fund (part of the federal budget), is largely carried out by provincial and sub-provincial entities known as Designated Management Authorities (DMAs), most of which are provincial and cantonal development ministries.

The Federal Highway System is federally-planned and built and maintained according to federal standards, and is funded out of the federal budget. However, construction and maintenance of the Federal Highways using these funds is the responsibility of the provinces, and the land on which they are built belongs to the Emperor in the right of the provinces rather than the right of the Federacy.

Provincial Supplementation

On subjects where federal law controls, in cases where federal law establishes a minimum restriction or requirement, provinces may enact a restriction or requirement greater than the federal minimum.

Parallelism

Foreign Relations

Perhaps the most interesting example of parallelism comes in the realm of foreign relations, where many of the more economically competitive Kiravian provinces conduct extensive paradiplomacy activities and maintain foreign trade, investment, and tourism promotion offices abroad, even though foreign relations are properly the preserve of the Federal government. In the case Protestants in Service of Kiravia v. Hanoram, the Federal Consistory ruled that states (though not other provinces) may sign concordats with the Holy See, an external sovereign entity, regarding matters within their competence.

Classes

Provinces

Non-territorial federal subjects

Statehood

Statehood is a constitutional status accorded to some (but not all) provinces.

  • Full constitutional patriation - Whereas the chartered governments of other provinces are enacted (either unilaterally or bilaterally) by federal lawmaking bodies, can be revoked or suspended on federal authority, and require federal assent for amendments, state constitutions are creatures of state law alone. State constitutions must satisfy the minumum requirements laid out in Article F of the Kiravian constitution.
  • Central bank equity - States are required to pay up their share of capital in the Reserve Bank of Kirav, according to a decennial capital key that accounts for each state's gross regional product and population.
  • Fiscal autonomy - State governments are not subject to audit by federal agents. The wealth and debt of the States are sovereign, and the federal government cannot seize, freeze, appropriate, or otherwise interfere with state funds or financial assets. This contrasts with the situation in chartered territories/entrustancies, intendancies, dependencies, etc., where the federal government is empowered and obligated to suspend the province's charter or articles of government and assume control of its finances in order to address a fiscal emergency.

Federalism and the Emperor

From the outset of Kiravian federation, it was established that the Marble Emperor reigns both in the right of the Federacy and in the right of each province. The federal government and the provincial governments alike are instituted in the Emperor's name and govern on the Emperor's behalf. Imperial rights, powers, and prerogatives may be held at either the federal or provincial level. For example, the Emperor's power of escheat, rights to treasure trove, and ownership of amber deposits are exercised by provincial governments; whereas the Emperor's salvage rights and ownership of the electromagnetic spectrum are exercised by the federal government.

Judicial federalism

The Kiravian justice system comprises the federal judiciary and the provincial judiciaries. The provincial court systems are distinct from the federal system and from each other, with each having its own organisational apparatus, norms, and body of cultivated law and precedent.

The overwhelming majority of legal matters in Kiravia are brought before provincial courts and addressed at that level, while most of the remainder originate in federal trial courts. The scope and volume of appeals from provincial courts to federal courts is more limited in Kiravia than in other federations, and generally only occurs after the entire provincial appellate process has been exhausted. In regards to cases involving constitutional rights, federal judges apply a doctrine of subsidiarity holding that in matters where the federal and provincial constitutions are redundant, federal courts should not hear cases until provincial recourse has been exhausted.

The jurisdiction of the federal judiciary is defined by the Kiravian constitution:

Fiscal federalism

See also: Taxation in Kiravia

The taxation régime in the KF is structured to ensure that the provinces have a sufficient independent domestic revenue base to finance good governance, while also providing adequate funding for common purposes such as national defence and structural support to underdeveloped regions.

Federal government revenue comes primarily from income taxes, consumption tax allocations, and customs duties, and secondarily from a selection of excises on interprovincial commerce, most prominently energy-related taxes on fuels and electricity. Provincial government revenue comes primarily from land value tax and consumption tax allocations, and secondarily from stamp taxes and specific duties (e.g. on alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and men's magazines). Liquor taxes are particularly lucrative, and their enforcement is a high priority for provincial revenue agencies, given that liquor tax evasion is similarly profitable. In some provinces, resource rents and revenue from public lands contribute significantly to the government coffers. Whereas the scope of federal taxation power is circumscribed by the constitution, provincial taxation is not so constrained: The provinces have wide-reaching power to levy taxes of their own accord within the ambit of their respective charters, and are free to impose concurrent taxes with the federal government (e.g. a provincial income tax), and also to delegate taxation authority to lower levels of government, such as cantons, countyships, municipalities, or special purpose bodies such as water control districts and local school boards.

Both the Federacy (the Kiravian International Investment Fund) and a few resource-rich provinces (e.g. Korlēdan) operate sovereign wealth funds. The federal KIIF serves as an instrument of foreign policy and often furthers Kiravian strategic goals, whereas the provincial sovereign wealth funds mostly serve to defray certain administrative costs (for example, public school expenses) and support the government in times of fiscal emergency.

Structural and Devolved Funds

A significant share of the federal budget is received by provincial governments or involves the participation of provincial governments in managing the expenditure. This category of federal expenditure includes funded mandates (when provinces carry out a federal function or administer a federal programme at federal expense), devolved funds (funds granted to the states to manage in support of broad policy goals, such as highway funds), and more substantively concurrent programmes such as the Structural Adjustment Fund, in which both federal and provincial bodies have an active role in the management of federal funds.

The Structural Adjustment Fund is the largest and most important of the structural funds, and is intended to support economic development, maintain nationwide social stability and cohesion, and reduce regional disparities in growth and standards of living. It accounts for a majority of federal spending on domestic development aid. SAF grants are administered by the federal Development Executive together with select provincial and subprovincial agencies known as Designated Management Authorities. Designated Management Authorities receive grant applications and screen out ineligible or informal proposals. They then evaluate proposals on the merits and select which to send on to Kartika for further consideration by the Development Executive. At the federal level, the Structural Adjustment Fund Administration’s Boards of Review and Allowance make their final selections based on a "Blue Book" of federal standards, supplemented by memoranda issued by the Chief Development Executive expressing the current administration’s development strategy and priorities. Post-grant, both the DMA and the SAFA’s Office of Supervision receive reports from receiving organisations on the use of grant money and monitor the implementation of projects to ensure compliance with federal regulations and the grant agreement.

See also