Qabóri language: Difference between revisions

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| altname          = Reformed Latin Qabóri
| altname          = Reformed Latin Qabóri
| region          = [[South Crona]]
| region          = [[South Crona]]
| nativename      = ''Qabóróc, Efkaseči Ulâtai Qabóróc''
| nativename      = ''Qabóróc, Efkaseneči Ulâtai Qabóróc''
| pronunciation    =  
| pronunciation    =  
| speakers        = {{wp|First language|L1}}: 216 million
| speakers        = {{wp|First language|L1}}: 216 million
Line 10: Line 10:
| fam1            = [[Cronan]]
| fam1            = [[Cronan]]
| fam2            = [[Broader South Cronan]]
| fam2            = [[Broader South Cronan]]
| fam3            = [[Ancient Abio]]
| fam3            = [[Ancient Abioic]]
| fam4            = [[Old Qabóric]]
| fam4            = [[Old Qabóric]]
| fam5            = [[Modern Abioic]]
| fam5            = [[Modern Abioic]]
| fam6            = [[Latino-Qabóri]]
| fam6            = [[Latino-Qabóri]]
| ancestor        = [[Abio language|Abio]]
| ancestor        = [[Abio language|Abioic]]
| ancestor2        = [[Sarpdo-Abioic pidgin]]
| ancestor2        = [[Sarpdo-Abioic pidgin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Youkafee-Qabóri pidgin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Cosco-Qabóri pidgin]]
| ancestor4        = [[Sarpdo-Qabóri]]
| ancestor4        = [[Sarpdo-Qabóri]]
| script          = {{plainlist|
| script          = {{plainlist|
*{{nowrap|{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} ([[Qabóri alphabet]])}}
*{{nowrap|{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} ([[Qabóri alphabet]])}}
*Qabóri Braille}}
*Qabóri Braille}}
| nation          = {{flag|Tierrador}}<br>{{flag|Istrenya}}
| nation          = {{flag|Tierrador}}<br>{{flag|Istrenya}}<br>{{flag|Malentina}}
| minority        = {{flag|Ceylonia}}<br>{{flag|Porlos}}<br>{{flag|Kiravia}}
| minority        = {{flag|Ceylonia}}<br>{{flag|Porlos}}<br>{{flag|Kiravia}}
| agency          = [[Qabóri Linguistics Office]]
| agency          = [[Qabóri Linguistics Office]]
Line 35: Line 35:
}}
}}


'''Qabóri''' (''Qabóróc''), referred to in some contexts as '''Reformed Latin Qabóri''' (''Efkaseči Ulâtai Qabóróc''), is a [[Modern Abioic language]] in the [[Cronan language family]]. Qabóri is a more Latinized version of [[Old Qabóric]], owing to heavy influencing from [[Sarpedon|Sarpedonian]] languages stemming from [[Caphiric Latin]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern-day iteration of Qabóri originated between 1805–1808. Today, Qabóri is one of two official languages of [[Tierrador]] and [[Istrenya]], along with being  a secondary language in [[Ceylonia]], [[Porlos]], and [[Kiravia]]. As of 2035, there are almost 360 million Qabóri speakers globally.
'''Qabóri''' (''Qabóróc''), referred to in some contexts as '''Reformed Latin Qabóri''' (''Efkaseneči Ulâtai Qabóróc''), is a [[Modern Abioic language]] in the [[Cronan language family]]. Qabóri is a more Latinized version of [[Old Qabóric]], owing to heavy influencing from [[Sarpedon|Sarpedonian]] languages stemming from [[Caphiric Latin]] in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern-day iteration of Qabóri originated between 1805–1808. Today, Qabóri is one of two official languages of [[Tierrador]], [[Istrenya]], and [[Malentina]], along with being  a secondary language in [[Ceylonia]], [[Porlos]], and [[Kiravia]]. As of 2035, there are almost 360 million Qabóri speakers globally.


Qabóri is named after the [[Qabóri people]], which are the main ethnic group credited with developing [[Pan-Qabóri civilization]], which is the dominant culture in [[South Crona]]. Those who speak Qabóri are referred to as Qabórophones. The [[Qabórophonic Community]] consists of the five nations that list Qabóri as an official and minority language. Qabóri accounts for 75% of speakers in the Modern Abioic language branch.
Qabóri is named after the [[Qabóri people]], which are the main ethnic group credited with developing [[Pan-Qabóri civilization]], which is the dominant culture in [[South Crona]]. Those who speak Qabóri are referred to as Qabórophones. The [[Qabórophonic Community]] consists of the six nations that list Qabóri as an official and minority language. Qabóri accounts for 75% of speakers in the Modern Abioic language branch.


Interactions between Sarpedonian, [[Levantia|Levantine]], and the [[Tierrador#Qabóri Woqalate|Qabóri Woqalate]] led to the creation of [[Sarpdo-Abioic pidgin]], which was utilized by mainly Sarpedonians (through Cartadanian Ceylonia) and the Qabóri Nation. Eventually, following the collapse of the first Qabóri Woqalate in the early 18th century, the expansion of [[Youkafee Nation|Youkafee culture]] and [[Youkafee language|their language]] led to the creation of a similarly structured pidgin, comprised of loanwords from Youkafee and a small bit from [[Cartadanian language|Cartadanian]]. In the mid to late-18th century, the presence of Cartadania in neighboring Ceylonia led to the establishment of a sizable Cartadanian and [[Pelaxia|Pelaxian]] diaspora in the regions of [[Aracadó]], [[Republic of Auqali & Sonaxa (1727–1910)|Auqali & Sonaxa]], [[Republic of Tawakee (1877–1965)|Tawakee]], and [[Las Rozas]]. The influx of some Cartadanian and [[w:Spanish language|Pelaxian]] words evolved the language into [[Sarpdo-Qabóri]]. By the early 19th century, many modifications to the spelling and "Qabóricization" of these words had created the Reformed Latin Qabóri language that is used today. In 1826, the [[Qabóri Linguistics Office]] was formed, and in 1851, the first Qabóri dictionary had been published by said office. It has been updated 19 times since first being published, and was last updated in 2019.
Interactions between Sarpedonian, [[Levantia|Levantine]], and the [[Tierrador#Qabóri Woqalate|Qabóri Woqalate]] led to the creation of [[Sarpdo-Abioic pidgin]], which was utilized by mainly Sarpedonians (through Cartadanian Ceylonia) and the Qabóri Nation. Eventually, following the collapse of the first Qabóri Woqalate in the early 18th century, the expansion of [[Coscivian civilisation|Coscivian culture]] and [[Kiravic Coscivian|their language]] led to the creation of the [[Cosco-Qabóri pidgin]], comprised of loanwords from Coscivian and a small bit from [[Cartadanian language|Cartadanian]]. In the mid to late-18th century, the presence of Cartadania in neighboring Ceylonia led to the establishment of a sizable Cartadanian and [[Pelaxia|Pelaxian]] diaspora in the regions of [[Aracadó]], [[Republic of Auqali & Sonaxa (1727–1910)|Auqali & Sonaxa]], [[Republic of Tawakee (1877–1965)|Tawakee]], and [[Las Rozas]]. The influx of some Cartadanian and [[w:Spanish language|Pelaxian]] words evolved the language into [[Sarpdo-Qabóri]]. By the early 19th century, many modifications to the spelling and "Qabóricization" of these words had created the Reformed Latin Qabóri language that is used today. In 1826, the [[Qabóri Linguistics Office]] was formed, and in 1851, the first Qabóri dictionary had been published by said office. It has been updated 19 times since first being published, and was last updated in 2019.


== History ==
== History ==
Line 50: Line 50:


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+{{nowrap|Oral vowel phonemes in Qabóri}}
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2|{{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! rowspan=2|{{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
! rowspan=2|{{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
|-
! {{small|{{wp|Roundedness|unrounded}}}}
! {{small|{{wp|Roundedness|rounded}}}}
|-
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|y}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! {{wp|close-mid vowel|Close-mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ø}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! {{wp|open-mid vowel|Open-mid}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|œ}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
| {{IPA link|ä}}
| {{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+{{nowrap|Nasal vowel phonemes in Qabóri}}
! rowspan=2|
! colspan=2|{{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! rowspan=2|{{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
|-
! {{small|{{wp|Roundedness|unrounded}}}}
! {{small|{{wp|Roundedness|rounded}}}}
|-
! {{wp|open-mid vowel|Open-mid}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
| {{IPA link|œ̃}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ̃}}
|}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant phonemes in Qabóri
! colspan=2|
! {{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
! colspan=2| {{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| {{wp|Plosive consonant|Stop}}
! {{small|{{wp|voicelessness|voiceless}}}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|{{wp|voice (phonetics)|voiced}}}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| {{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
! {{small|{{wp|voicelessness|voiceless}}}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA link|ʁ}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|{{wp|voice (phonetics)|voiced}}}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| {{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
! {{small|plain}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|{{wp|labialization|labial}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɥ}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|}


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
===Verb conjunctions===
Qabóri verbs are separated into four distinct conjunctions; Those with 1st singular '''-uo''', 2nd singular '''-uvé''', and infinitive '''-uv''' are of the first conjunction, '''-ao''', '''-ave''', and '''-av''' are of the second, '''-ou''', '''-océ''', and '''-oc''' are of the third, and '''-eu''', '''-ecó''', and '''-ec''' are of the fourth conjunction.
====First conjunction====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Past'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I want''||''I will want''||''I wanted''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''voleruo<br />voleruvé<br />voleryuv<br />voleruves<br />voleruvaís<br />voleruvpe'''
|'''voleré<br />volerús<br />volerún<br />voleruven<br />voleruvuon<br />voleruvien'''
|'''volerú<br />voleruvet<br />voleró<br />volerubéi<br />volerupaí<br />volerupên'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am wanted''||''I will be wanted''||''I was wanted''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''voleruor<br />voleruvér<br />voleyur<ref>Typically, if the verb has the letter ''r'' before the '''-yur''' suffix, the preceding ''r'' is omitted</ref><br />voleruver<br />voleruvaír<br />voleruvper'''
|'''volerér<br />volerúre<br />volerúner<br />voleruvené<br />voleruvuor<br />voleruvêri'''
|'''volerúr<br />voleruvetû<br />volerót<br />volerubéir<br />volerupaít<br />volerupêt'''
|-
|}
Other forms:<br>Infinitive: '''voleruv''' "to want"<br>Imperative: '''volerû!''' "want!" (can be used directly and indirectly)<br>Future imperative: '''volerûte!''' "want!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)<br>Optative: '''volerûsat''' "let me want!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)<br>Participle: '''voleruna''' "wanting" (past, present, and future tense)<br>Gerund: '''volerósa''' "of/by/for loving", '''volerôtin''' "in order to love"
====Second conjunction====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Past'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I see''||''I will see''||''I saw''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''kaphao<br />kaphave<br />kaphyav<br />kaphavbos<br />kaphavaís<br />kaphavpe'''
|'''kaphé<br />kaphás<br />kaphán<br />kaphaven<br />kaphaûn<br />kaphani'''
|'''kaphá<br />kaphavet<br />kaphó<br />kaphabeî<br />kaphapá<br />kaphapén'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am seen''||''I will be seen''||''I was seen''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''kaphár<br />kaphovár<br />kaphyar<br />kaphuvâr<br />kaphavâri<br />kaphavpar'''
|'''kapharé<br />kaphoráre<br />kapháner<br />kaphaviné<br />kaphavaor<br />kaphavêri'''
|'''kaphâir<br />kaphavetû<br />kapharót<br />kaphabéir<br />kaphapaít<br />kaphapêt'''
|-
|}
Other forms:<br>Infinitive: '''kaphav''' "to see/look/watch"<br>Imperative: '''kaphâ!''' "see!/look!/watch!" (can be used directly and indirectly)<br>Future imperative: '''kaphâte!''' "see!/look!/watch!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)<br>Optative: '''kaphasêt''' "let me see!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)<br>Participle: '''kaphanó''' "seeing/looking/watching" (past, present, and future tense)<br>Gerund: '''kaphâsi''' "of/by/for seeing/looking/watching", '''kapháten''' "in order to see/look/watch"
====Third conjunction====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Past'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I love''||''I will love''||''I loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''yusteu<br />yustecó<br />yusteč<br />yusteceš<br />yustecaís<br />yustecaú'''
|'''yustó<br />yustés<br />yustei<br />yustecón<br />yustesí<br />yustên'''
|'''yusté<br />yustecót<br />yusteneči<br />yustecešet<br />yustecaí<br />yustecaút'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am loved''||''I will be loved''||''I was loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''yustêo<br />yustecó<br />yusteci<br />yustecês<br />yustečai<br />yustecíe'''
|'''yustói<br />yustési<br />yusteis<br />yustecóns<br />yustesís<br />yustêns'''
|'''yustéi<br />yustósi<br />yustois<br />yustocéns<br />yustosís<br />yustôns'''
|-
|}
Other forms:<br>Infinitive: '''yustec''' "to love"<br>Imperative: '''yustê!''' "love!" (can be used directly and indirectly)<br>Future imperative: '''yustête!''' "love!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)<br>Optative: '''yustetaí''' "let me love!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)<br>Participle: '''yustenén''' "loving" (past, present, and future tense)<br>Gerund: '''yustešu''' "of/by/for loving", '''yustetán''' "in order to love"
====Fourth conjunction====
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Past'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I go''||''I will go''||''I went''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''nou<br />nocé<br />noč<br />noceš<br />nocaís<br />nocaú'''
|'''né<br />nós<br />noi<br />nocen<br />nosí<br />nôn'''
|'''nó<br />nocét<br />noči<br />nocešet<br />nocád<br />nocaút'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am gone''||''I will be gone''||''I was gone''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''nôe<br />nocéte<br />nočet<br />noceši<br />nocaít<br />nocaús'''
|'''neí<br />nósit<br />nois<br />nocéns<br />nosís<br />nêns'''
|'''noít<br />nési<br />nei<br />nacón<br />nesís<br />nôens'''
|-
|}
Other forms:<br>Infinitive: '''noc''' "to go"<br>Imperative: '''nôe!''' "go!" (can be used directly and indirectly)<br>Future imperative: '''nôte!''' "go!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)<br>Optative: '''notaí''' "let me go!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)<br>Participle: '''nonón''' "going" (past, present, and future tense)<br>Gerund: '''nošu''' "of/by/for going", '''notán''' "in order to go"


== Writing system ==
== Writing system ==
[[Category:Tierrador]]
[[Category: Languages]]
[[Category:IXWB]]

Latest revision as of 12:53, 20 June 2024

Qabóri
Reformed Latin Qabóri
Qabóróc, Efkaseneči Ulâtai Qabóróc
RegionSouth Crona
Native speakers
L1: 216 million
L2: 142 million
Total: 358 million
Early forms
Signed Qabóri
Official status
Official language in
 Tierrador
 Istrenya
 Malentina
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byQabóri Linguistics Office
Language codes
ISO 639-1qa
ISO 639-2qbr
ISO 639-3rlq
Glottologqabr1330[1]
Linguasphere85-AAA-r
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Qabóri (Qabóróc), referred to in some contexts as Reformed Latin Qabóri (Efkaseneči Ulâtai Qabóróc), is a Modern Abioic language in the Cronan language family. Qabóri is a more Latinized version of Old Qabóric, owing to heavy influencing from Sarpedonian languages stemming from Caphiric Latin in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern-day iteration of Qabóri originated between 1805–1808. Today, Qabóri is one of two official languages of Tierrador, Istrenya, and Malentina, along with being a secondary language in Ceylonia, Porlos, and Kiravia. As of 2035, there are almost 360 million Qabóri speakers globally.

Qabóri is named after the Qabóri people, which are the main ethnic group credited with developing Pan-Qabóri civilization, which is the dominant culture in South Crona. Those who speak Qabóri are referred to as Qabórophones. The Qabórophonic Community consists of the six nations that list Qabóri as an official and minority language. Qabóri accounts for 75% of speakers in the Modern Abioic language branch.

Interactions between Sarpedonian, Levantine, and the Qabóri Woqalate led to the creation of Sarpdo-Abioic pidgin, which was utilized by mainly Sarpedonians (through Cartadanian Ceylonia) and the Qabóri Nation. Eventually, following the collapse of the first Qabóri Woqalate in the early 18th century, the expansion of Coscivian culture and their language led to the creation of the Cosco-Qabóri pidgin, comprised of loanwords from Coscivian and a small bit from Cartadanian. In the mid to late-18th century, the presence of Cartadania in neighboring Ceylonia led to the establishment of a sizable Cartadanian and Pelaxian diaspora in the regions of Aracadó, Auqali & Sonaxa, Tawakee, and Las Rozas. The influx of some Cartadanian and Pelaxian words evolved the language into Sarpdo-Qabóri. By the early 19th century, many modifications to the spelling and "Qabóricization" of these words had created the Reformed Latin Qabóri language that is used today. In 1826, the Qabóri Linguistics Office was formed, and in 1851, the first Qabóri dictionary had been published by said office. It has been updated 19 times since first being published, and was last updated in 2019.

History

later

Geographic distribution

Vocabulary

Phonology

Vowels

Oral vowel phonemes in Qabóri
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i y u
Close-mid e ø ə o
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Open a ä ɑ
Nasal vowel phonemes in Qabóri
Front Back
unrounded rounded
Open-mid ɛ̃ œ̃ ɔ̃
Open ɑ̃

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Qabóri
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d g
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ʁ h
voiced v z ʒ
Approximant plain l j
labial ɥ w

Grammar

Verb conjunctions

Qabóri verbs are separated into four distinct conjunctions; Those with 1st singular -uo, 2nd singular -uvé, and infinitive -uv are of the first conjunction, -ao, -ave, and -av are of the second, -ou, -océ, and -oc are of the third, and -eu, -ecó, and -ec are of the fourth conjunction.

First conjunction

Present Future Past
Active I want I will want I wanted
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		voleruo
voleruvé
voleryuv
voleruves
voleruvaís
voleruvpe 		voleré
volerús
volerún
voleruven
voleruvuon
voleruvien 		volerú
voleruvet
voleró
volerubéi
volerupaí
volerupên
Passive I am wanted I will be wanted I was wanted
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		voleruor
voleruvér
voleyur[2]
voleruver
voleruvaír
voleruvper 		volerér
volerúre
volerúner
voleruvené
voleruvuor
voleruvêri 		volerúr
voleruvetû
volerót
volerubéir
volerupaít
volerupêt

Other forms:
Infinitive: voleruv "to want"
Imperative: volerû! "want!" (can be used directly and indirectly)
Future imperative: volerûte! "want!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)
Optative: volerûsat "let me want!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)
Participle: voleruna "wanting" (past, present, and future tense)
Gerund: volerósa "of/by/for loving", volerôtin "in order to love"

Second conjunction

Present Future Past
Active I see I will see I saw
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		kaphao
kaphave
kaphyav
kaphavbos
kaphavaís
kaphavpe 		kaphé
kaphás
kaphán
kaphaven
kaphaûn
kaphani 		kaphá
kaphavet
kaphó
kaphabeî
kaphapá
kaphapén
Passive I am seen I will be seen I was seen
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		kaphár
kaphovár
kaphyar
kaphuvâr
kaphavâri
kaphavpar 		kapharé
kaphoráre
kapháner
kaphaviné
kaphavaor
kaphavêri 		kaphâir
kaphavetû
kapharót
kaphabéir
kaphapaít
kaphapêt

Other forms:
Infinitive: kaphav "to see/look/watch"
Imperative: kaphâ! "see!/look!/watch!" (can be used directly and indirectly)
Future imperative: kaphâte! "see!/look!/watch!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)
Optative: kaphasêt "let me see!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)
Participle: kaphanó "seeing/looking/watching" (past, present, and future tense)
Gerund: kaphâsi "of/by/for seeing/looking/watching", kapháten "in order to see/look/watch"

Third conjunction

Present Future Past
Active I love I will love I loved
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		yusteu
yustecó
yusteč
yusteceš
yustecaís
yustecaú 		yustó
yustés
yustei
yustecón
yustesí
yustên 		yusté
yustecót
yusteneči
yustecešet
yustecaí
yustecaút
Passive I am loved I will be loved I was loved
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		yustêo
yustecó
yusteci
yustecês
yustečai
yustecíe 		yustói
yustési
yusteis
yustecóns
yustesís
yustêns 		yustéi
yustósi
yustois
yustocéns
yustosís
yustôns

Other forms:
Infinitive: yustec "to love"
Imperative: yustê! "love!" (can be used directly and indirectly)
Future imperative: yustête! "love!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)
Optative: yustetaí "let me love!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)
Participle: yustenén "loving" (past, present, and future tense)
Gerund: yustešu "of/by/for loving", yustetán "in order to love"

Fourth conjunction

Present Future Past
Active I go I will go I went
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		nou
nocé
noč
noceš
nocaís
nocaú 		né
nós
noi
nocen
nosí
nôn 		nó
nocét
noči
nocešet
nocád
nocaút
Passive I am gone I will be gone I was gone
I
you sg.
he, she, it
we
you pl.
they 		nôe
nocéte
nočet
noceši
nocaít
nocaús 		neí
nósit
nois
nocéns
nosís
nêns 		noít
nési
nei
nacón
nesís
nôens

Other forms:
Infinitive: noc "to go"
Imperative: nôe! "go!" (can be used directly and indirectly)
Future imperative: nôte! "go!" (at a later time, direct and indirect)
Optative: notaí "let me go!" (indirect and direct, only used for 1st and 3rd person)
Participle: nonón "going" (past, present, and future tense)
Gerund: nošu "of/by/for going", notán "in order to go"

Writing system

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Qabóri". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  2. ↑ Typically, if the verb has the letter r before the -yur suffix, the preceding r is omitted
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