[[File:Chester-on-Moore.jpg|thumb|Early artist rendition of Chester-on-Moore, c.1797 .]]
[[File:Potato Mound near Nampo North Korea.jpg|thumb|The ubiquitous potato field]]
[[File:Governorates with Dates.png|thumb|Governorates of Arcerion with flags and the date they were Confederated into Arcerion as per Royal Decree. ]]
The history of Arcerion began in the late eighteenth century with the settlement and establishment of Ardmori colonies in the Southeastern Cronan Peninsula. The core territories of Arcerion's current sovereign borders would gradually expand until they reached their current state in 1975. Arcerion was predominantly settled
== Prehistory ==
=== Indigenous Tribes ===
[[File:Indigienous Tribes Arcerion.png|thumb|Tribal and cultural lands historically part of Indigenous Tribes in the Southeastern Cronan Peninsula. ]]The indigenous tribes of Arcerion had been native to Crona for centuries prior to Occidental colonization. They were organized around small, multi-family bands that lived nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles, with limited access to Occidental-style agriculture or livestock. Culture and heritage were usually passed down orally, although some tribes such as the Makalan had limited written language texts as found in their abandoned camps. The tribes also were in a constant state of conflict, fighting each other over border issues or existing historical rivalry and feuds. In the Arcer Lowlands to the South, the A'awaska were the most dominant, living in small longhouses and with some earthen shelters in more permanent settlements. This represented a key difference between them and the Northern Tribes, who were more nomadic. In general, Arcer and Cronan historians have separated the tribes into two main geographic groups, the Northern and Southern Tribes, and within that they are separated into Highland and Lowland cultural tradition.
==== Northern Tribes ====
The dominant Northern Tribe was Chaxhan, which was considered culturally Lowland. They occupied the river basins and Arcer Heartland, and were the main opposition to Heartland settlements as settlers moved up the Innis and Leigh Rivers. They were also the main belligerent fighting against Arcerion during the Second Bush War, and participated to a limited extent supporting the Kel-kon'e in the Third Bush War. The Chaxhan were largely nomadic, with few to no permanent settlements in the Heartland, instead roving bands numbering between 50-500 indigenous people would move from location to location in accordance with season changes or based on decisions made by Tribal Chiefs and Tribal Elders. The Kel-kon'e and Tel-kon'e are two Northern Tribes that predominantly occupied the Northwestern Lowlands, in what would eventually become Oakham Governorate. They were semi-nomadic, with some settlements close to rivers and the Malentine Sea. The Tel-kon'e also had a limited ability to traverse open water and the littoral areas to the Malentine Islands, and occupied some of the Northern parts of Foxhey Governorate until they were forced to leave during the Third Bush War.
==== Southern Tribes ====
[[File:Arcer Settlement Mainland.png|thumb|Major settlements and movement of colonists in Arcerion 1790-1904. ]]
Southern Tribes are generally characterized by their semi-nomadic lifestyle, with a tendency to have several small-medium sized settlements of which the nomadic bands travelled through. The dominant force in this area was the A'awaska, who were the first tribe to come into contact with Carnish settlers. The A'waska consistently fought over a period of centuries the Tyrohsa, the main inland Southern Tribe, and to a lesser extent the Makalan. Both the A'awaska and the Makalan had written languages and some written texts, and possessed some forms of agriculture and a blended diet of both hunted and gathered sustenance as well as farm-grown vegetables. The Tyrohsa were entirely nomadic, relying on fishing in the McCallan River, and hunting the roving bands of deer and elk in the Arcer Heartland for sustenance. By the mid-1800s, the Tyrohsa had largely been driven out of the Southern portion of the Arcer Heartland, although during the Second Bush War, they were a main combatant in the Southeast.
== Early Colonial History (1790s-1880s) ==
[[File:Arcer Expansion.png|thumb|Expansion of Arcer and Carnish Settlers into Crona. Carnish-led colonies marked with a red *, Arcer-led marked with a blue *. ]]
The Ardmori Crown made a decision in the late 1770s that it had to expand its colonial empire, and looked to the continent of Crona as a possible new venture. To this point, it was relatively untouched by most other Occidental nations, with only Kirav having begun to establish some colonies in [[Paulastra]] and [[The Cape]]. Finally, a decision was made in 1787 to begin forming an expedition. Prominent AEngle socialite and former infantry officer, John Farley Hughes was appointed as Chief of the Cronan Expedition for the Kingdom of Ardmore, and given an allotment of £10,000 to fund and prepare an expedition. Ardmore's naval service provided two frigates, the ''Chester'' and the ''Windswept'', and Hughes chose four larger two-masted Brigantines (''Nathaniel'', ''Sharp'', ''Rednose'', ''Bounty'') to carry the necessary supplies for a convoy. The six ships set sail in July of 1789, making a stop in [[Cartadania]] for supplies, before continuing the journey to Crona. The first sighting of the Cape of Crona was in of November of 1789, with the ships passing into the Songun Sea the same month. Up to this point, the relatively fair summer weather on the [[Odoneru Ocean]] had been fair to the expedition, and there had been minimal damage to both the ships and their crew. They initially anchored at one of Kirav's Paulastran ports, before carrying through a narrow strait in the Northern part of the Songun - the first Occidentals to enter the Sea.
The Carnish AEngles and Gaels aboard Hughes' flotilla found a small bay, on the Eastern Coast of the [[Malentine Sea]], choosing it as the initial landing site for their colony due to its calm waters, and low rolling hills surrounding the colony. Hughes brought the ships close to shore, and on January 3rd, 1790 the first Occidental boots made landfall in what would become Arcerion. Foraging parties went forward and by late February small buildings, a jetty for small craft, and a small artillery revettment had been set up in the town. Initially, they named it for Hughes to honour his achievement, and Kurst was formerly known as "Hughton," or Hughes' Town. However, in April of 1790 a considerable portion of the settlement was burned down in a fire. Although the settlers rebuilt, they soon encountered their first Indigenous peoples.
'''Agriculture in [[Great Kirav]]''' is a major economic activity underpinning local and regional economies across most of the island continent's land area.
Members of the A'awaska Tribe had previously been sighted fleetingly by members of the expedition when foraging or hunting inland, but no sustained contact was made. Then, in March of 1790, a sailor shot and killed an Indigenous man he found digging through his garden, killing him instantly. Not knowing what to do with the body, the Ardmori settlers left the body on a small pile of rocks on the city outskirts, believing the locals would prefer to recover and bury their dead according to their own rituals. The Hughes' Expedition only religious representative, the Anglican, Deacon John Turnbull, even said last rites as per Ardmori tradition in case the A'awaska had no intention of reclamation. However the local Indigenous saw this as disrespect as they buried their dead much like Ardmori peoples, and took this to mean the people of Hughes' Town were disrespecting their dead. As such, not two weeks after the fire, they raided the small settlement, killing a dozen and wounding an equal amount of the settlers, who fled back to the jetty and the artillery revettment. Cannon fire and a concentrated effort from sailors, the ship's company of marines, and the local militia pushed back the Indigenous, who left a twenty or so dead or dying across the town before fleeing into the hills. This caused John Hughes to claim, "This damn land is cursed, first a fire? Then this? What a damned place Crona is." Over time, this name stuck to what would eventually become Arcerion's capital, and 'cursed' gradually transformed into 'Kurst,' the Gaelicized-version of the word.
[[File:Arcerion Colonial Flag 1793.png|thumb|Flag for the Carnish Colony of Crona (proto-Arcerion), as delivered by the frigate ''Adventure'' in 1793. ]]
By the end of 1790, John Hughes left Frederick Marlborough as the commander and governor of the small Ardmori colony. They had erected a small palisade and earth berms, and expanded the artillery revettment using spare four and six pound cannons from the frigates. Hughes set sail in the ''Windswept,'' with the ''Rednose'' following closely, bound for Ardmore to inform the King of the successful establishment of a Crown colony.
Hughes informed the King of the success, and the Crown Royalty of Ardmore was overjoyed. They demanded an immediate follow-up expedition, with a dozen more ships packed with excited colonists to explore the new land. Most of these settlers were Ænglish and Gaelic, and this immigration trend would continue, giving Arcerion a dual cultural heritage. Hughes also travelled with a Royal Decree backdated for January 3rd, 1790 declaring the creation of the Ardmori Colony of Crona, and naming him Crown-Governor. Although he is the first Crown-Governor of Arcerion, in the recognized history by the Confederate Parliament, Frederick Marlborough is the first head-of-government in Arcerion. Hughes would leave in late 1791 with a second flotilla of a fourteen ships, including ''Windswept'', and would return to the colony, first landing several ships at what he was bemused to learn was now no longer Hughes' Town, but 'Kurst.' He then took six ships, and landed three apiece along the Songun Shore of the colony to the South, one of these ships, ''Chester'', becoming fouled in rocks not far from a large stretch of moorland, which ironically became the settling place for the future bustling port city of Chester-on-Moore. The smaller port city to the South of this was also established, Port Hughes was settled, which Hughes joked finally gave his name some meaning on the continent.
As a result of its [[Prehistory of Great Kirav|natural history]], the agricultural endowment of the island continent includes both Old World and New World species, and has been supplemented by crops and animals introduced from other continents, such as wheat and cattle.
[[File:1793 Colonial Territory.png|thumb|Carnish Colony of Crona as of 1793. ]]
By the eve of 1793, two major settlements, Kurst and Chester-on-Moore had been established, and multiple smaller homesteads and farms had begun to appear, with the new settlers taking to irrigating, tilling, and farming the land, and raising and breeding the livestock that had survived the journey from Ardmore. Unexpectedly, in the spring of 1793, more sails were spotted on the horizon from Port Hughes' small coastal battery, and they hailed them using signal flags. The ships were additional expeditionary and settlers sent by the Ardmori Crown, including 12 pounder guns, horses, gold pieces, and other necessary resources to establish a more permanent presence. The ships were divided, with a pair staying anchored off the coast of Port Hughes, and the remainder carrying on up the coast to Kurst.
In Kurst, the Crown-Governer's mansion had begun the process of being constructed, as had Fort Ellis, named for one of the men killed in the initial A'awaska raid of 1790. With the arrival of additional ships, the growing colony now numbered well over a thousand, with Chester-on-Moore rivaling this. Construction on a larger jetty and berthing for ships was begun, and other key infrastructure such as windmills had undergone improvements since the initial once were built in 1790. Individual ships by themselves or in small groupings would arrive and deliver supplies and new settlers, and the small colony swelled. Kurst now had distinct districts and a bustling main road, including a pair of popular pubs, both served by the same brewery. Initial issues of governance meant that John Hughes had to spend less time on inland expeditions and hunting trips, and more time in the Crown-Governor's residence, dealing with daily issues of governance. In 1793 he also directed the establishment of the Arcerion Loyal Militia, to augment the company of marines from the Ardmori naval service. Hughes also began the process of organizing survey parties to go inland and map, chart, and catalogue the land. Plans were made to connect Kurst to Chester-on-Moore via road, and expand the amount of settlers immigrating to inland towns such as Bradford and Loughton. Plans were also made to attempt to explore North along the coast. While Hughes as Crown-Governor has authorized the ''Windswept'' and ''Nathaniel'' to conduct limited expeditions Northwards, he was leery of spreading their resources too thin while the colony was so small and vulnerable. It was also during this time that the Ardmori Colony of Crona was named Arcerion for first time. Sightings of a sea monster off the coast of Chester-on-Moore prompted the locals to call the land "''Ar''-''Ceirean,"'' which was reported to Crown-Governer Hughes, who believed that to be a fitting name for the foggy moorland they now set out to colonize.
Even with modern improvements in agronomy, Mainland Kiravian agriculture is insufficiently productive to satisfy enormous domestic demand, and most of the island continent’s food supply is imported, mainly from Levantia, Sarpedon, and South Crona.
=== First Bush War (1794-1801) ===
''See: [[Arcer Bush Wars]]''
The First Bush War helped to stabilize the growing Ardmori Colony by combatting warring tribes of indigenous peoples as they tried to destroy early Arcer and Ardmori settlers via a series of increasingly violent raids. Arcerion would repel major raids on almost all of its early settlements, and its caravans and dispersed settlers outside the protection of either the militia or the Royal Ardmori Army often were subjected the the horrors of the frontier.
[[Æonara#Economy|Agriculture in Æonara]] and in other parts of the Kiravian Federacy and Collectivity, such as [[Sydona#Agriculture|Sydona]], are covered separately.
This period also saw the establishment of the first major roads in Arcerion, connecting Chester-on-Moore and Kurst, as well as the expansion of inland towns and cities into the foothills of the Aileach Mountains. Kurst had a fort established, and the Arcer Army was born out of a nascent militia. This also coincided with a second expedition to establish Kinnaird, which would grow to become Arcerion's second biggest city. The peace treaties and armistice with native tribes proved to be ab equal diplomatic feat. As warring bands of natives and leadership changed with such regularity, Arcer diplomats and representatives of the Ardmori Crown came to the conclusion that there was to be no true peace in the land, as what worked for one Chieftain may not for the next.
==Crops==
===Potato===
{{Cquote|Eat the potato now, or ferment it for later? This is the perpetual dilemma of our People.
|author= [[Shaftonism|Shafto]]
|source= ''Analects of Shafto the Wise''
}}
<br>
[[File:Lovington Church and Chips - geograph.org.uk - 710665.jpg|thumb|Potato harvest in [[Irovasdra]] State]]
The {{wp|potato}} (Coscivian: ''ēln'') is the most important food crop in Great Kirav, and has been since the dawn of agriculture. Potato began to be domesticated as early as 25,000 years ago in the central latitudes of the Western Highlands. The potato plant's remarkable ability to thrive in cool climates and subprime soil conditions made it indispensible to early Kiravian farmers and an enduring staple of the Kiravian diet. Indeed, the potato is credited with enabling {{wp|sedentarisation}} of the proto-Coscivian tribes and, indirectly, the rise of Coscivian civilisation proper. Potato is grown throughout Great Kirav, but more so in the north and west. It is the dominant crop in the more marginal lands that make up much of the continent.
By the end of the First Bush War, most of what is modern day Moorden Governorate had been established, with Kinnaird in the North and Port Hughes in the South. A fort in Kurst as well as a full Regiment of Regular Arcer troops represented that the young colony's bureaucracy and defenses were quick to build and adapt to the new environment. This, coupled with Arcerion being granted the status as a new nation, allowed for the establishment of [[Moorden Governorate]] in 1798, giving Arcerion its first province.
Potato planting season typically begins in early spring, depending on the temperature and soil conditions. Observance of the vernal equinox festival [[Élív]] includes traditions that celebrate a successful planting effort. Farmers prepare the soil by plowing, harrowing, and levelling it before planting the seed potatoes. The seed potatoes are placed in furrows, and then covered with a layer of soil. Manual cultivators accomplish this with the aid of a [[Mattocks in Kiravian culture|mattock]]. As the plants grow, they are {{wp|Hilling|hilled}}, meaning that more soil is piled around the base of the plant to support it and prevent the tubers from exposure to sunlight. This helps to prevent a {{wp|Solanine#In_potatoes|green tinge}} that may affect the flavour and nutritional value of the potatoes. Most parts of Great Kirav regularly experience chilly and wet weather conditions, which can be challenging during the growing season. Frost poses a great danger to the crop in the critical periods just after planting and just before harvest. To protect the potato, farmers may install protective coverings, such as transparent films, over the fields. Harvest usually takes place in the autumn as the leaves start to turn yellow and die back. The potatoes are harvested with machines or by hand, then cleaned, graded, and sorted for distribution. After harvesting, the potato is stored in cool, dry conditions to preserve its quality. The harvest time is celebrated with festivals and fairs, where people can taste different varieties, buy fresh produce, and enjoy other cultural activities.
=== Inland Expansion ===
Potato is used in many dishes such as {{wp|potato pancakes}}, {{wp|potato soup}}, {{wp|potato dumplings}}, and {{wp|potato casseroles}}, and can also be milled into {{wp|potato flour}} for baking. Beyond human consumption, the potato is also used to produce alcoholic spirits (''thasstraśum'') and industrial starches, and as fodder for pigs.
[[File:Norham settlements.png|thumb|Establishment of towns with dates for Norham Governorate in the early 1800s. ]]
With the conclusion of the war, the following decade was followed by a period of rapid growth up the Malentine Coast through Malakan territory. In Kurst, the Arcer Parliament had its first building begin construction in 1803, the stone walls going up down the road on Red Lion Street from the Crown Governor's Mansion. Hughes was replaced as the Crown-Governor in 1806, recalled to Ardmore for exemplary service. A recently arrived Ardmori businessman, Francis Smith-Bellings, was appointed by the Ardmori Crown to serve as the new Crown-Governor. Bellings' extensive shipbuilding and maritime commercial links with [[Burgundie]], as well as his previous service in the Royal Ardmori Household Cavalry made him an outstanding candidate for the role. He was considered by many to be well-humoured, and level-headed, with the expertise required of the role. As Crown-Governor, the Bellings toured the entirety of Moorden Governorate, from Port Hughes to Kinnaird, and at the end of 1807 convened the members of the Ardmori nobility in Arcerion, senior Arcer politicans and statesmen, as well as members of the Arcer garrison to plan for further expansions.
Bellings proposed inland settlement on the other side of the Aileach Mountains, with the express intent of trying to push the remaining tribes of the Tyrohsa out of the Northern foothills of the Aileach Mountains. A series of caravans would be sent overland through mountain passes as Arcer citizens moved to establish new homesteads and towns on the other side of the traditional geographic buffer between Occidentals and Indigneous peoples. By 1815, most of the Aileach Basin was settled and large farms had begun to send their grain and other produce via new roads back to Chester-on-Moore, Kurst, and Kinnaird for consumption and export to the Old World. To the Northwest, Norham Governorate's expansion had continued at a rapid pace, with towns being established all the way to the border with the Tel-kon'e tribesmen across the Innis River, notably with the establishment of Dunborough in 1825. With Norham having a rising population, the Ardmori Crown had issued a decree granting it the status of another Governorate. This now required additional levels of supervision as the growing Arcer colony had two provinces so quickly. Bellings appointed two Lieutenant-Governors, Charles Sutton, a former Royal Engineer, as the first Lieutenant-Governor of Moorden in 1811, and the same year for Norham he appointed Lieutenant-Governor Henry T. Dixon, a large landowner, for Norham Governorate. Sutton took up residence in Kurst, sharing the Crown-Governor's residence, while Dixon moved his family from Maltby to Craigfearn, the largest town in Norham with several thousand colonists.
===Cereals===
{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Avena sativa 004.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=idk, some shit|''Vuoln'' (Oats)]]
| [[File:Fagopyrum гречка.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=William F. Buckwheat|{{wp|Polygonum erectum|Coscivian cuckwheat}}]]
| [[File:Triticale (Grandval) Cl J Weber07 (24084215775).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=idk, some shit|''Dralm'']]
|-
|}
By this period, some minor skirmishes with the Tyrohsa had occurred, but advances in roadworks, as well as the expansion of the Arcer Militia and the growth of the Arcer Army had meant that the Indigenous tribes had been driven further into their homeland, and farther away from their traditional tribal areas. This led to a clash with the Chaxhan tribe, as they defended their lands (North of the Upper Cochrane river) from the bands of Tyrohsa people venturing away from Arco settlement.
The principal grain crops grown in Great Kirav are the Three Reliables: Rye and wildrye, {{wp|buckwheat|Coscivian cuckwheat}}, and {{wp|oats}}, along with barley, wheat, and triticale.
[[File:Foxhey exploration.png|thumb|Ships of the 1819 settlement expedition explore the islands that would become [[Foxhey Governorate]], looking to land and settle. ]]
The Ardmori Crown sponsored another expedition further into the Malentine, finding the Southern of Foxhey's two islands. This was followed with the reaction of the "Gibson Settlement" in 1822, which was eventually renamed Port Gibson, and with the town reaching a population of 2,500 less than two years later, it had ratified the early Arco constitutional documents, the Crown recognizing it as a Governorate in 1824. Bellings was quick to appoint Frederick Gibson as the Governorate's first Lieutenant-Governor. Port Gibson would become a major fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding town, and one of Arcerion's most important Western ports. By the mid-1820s, Dunborough had established into a large frontier town. A permanent garrison of several hundred regular and Arcer soldiers, as well as thousands of farmers, settlers, and traders had created a trading town that was a junction between Indigenous and Occidental. This was similar to Dalfearn, which was at the foremost border of the inland Arco territory. Dalfearn itself was still growing and being industrialized, and with only a small dirt road that was easily washed out, was removed from most Arco garrisons and assistance from the Ardmori Crown.
The end of the period prior to the Second Bush War was the establishment of Easthampton as a mining town. Bellings had relinquished the Crown-Governorship in 1825, recalled to Ardmore by the Crown Regent for the purpose of becoming the first Ambassador from Arcerion to Ardmore, representing the increasingly important status of the nation. He was replaced by Lord Rowan Elliot, a landed noble from Ardmore and a sizeable landowner in South Moorden. Elliot's first aim was to expand to the Eastern reaches of the Arcer Heartland, the major key piece of this being a large minining expedition that would culminate with Easthampton's establishment in 1834 as Arcerion's Easternmost settlement.
Coscivian cultures conflate two distinct cereal grasses - ''Secale cereale'' or "true rye" and ''{{wp|Elymus (plant)|Elymus borealis}}'' or "wildrye" - under the label of "rye" (Kiravic: ''dralm'', South Coscivian: ''drallion''). Numerous cultivars of ''Elymus borealis'' have been cultivated in different regions and microclimatic zones of Great Kirav for centuries. True rye was most likely introduced from what is now [[Faneria]] during the Second Empire. Kiravian farmers were early adopters of {{wp|triticale}}, production of which continues to expand in traditionally rye-growing areas. Indeed, it has been proposed numerous times that [[Agriculture_in_Great_Kirav#Policy|federal agriculture subsidies]] be amended to include cash incentives for rye farmers to transition to triticale instead, though such proposals have not yet been adopted.
=== Second Bush War (1839-1850) ===
The best farmland, much of which is concentrated in South Kirav and the warmer latitudes of the Baylands and Farravonia, is dedicated mainly to wheat, barley, and (increasingly) maize, as far as cereals are concerned. Hard red winter wheat is grown in drier mesotemperate areas of the interior, while durum wheat and other varieties are grown mainly in the South. Rye ''cum'' wildrye cultivation is well-established the upper supratemperate, hemiboreal, and boreal zones of Great Kirav, on account of the climatic conditions that make it difficult to grow other grains. "Rye" (''sensu lato'') and oats are resilient crops that tolerate lower temperatures and require shorter growing seasons than other grains, and thus can grow well in the harsh North Kiravian climate, with some especially hardy wildrye cultivars, such as [[Irovasdra]] alpine wildrye, being viable on a subsistence scale even at the highest arable altitudes and in the northernmost mesoboreal regions on the [[Coscivian Sea]]. Rye is often planted in the fall and harvested the following summer. Kiravian cereal farmers often practice crop rotation, where they alternate rye/wildrye with other crops such as barley, oats, or potatoes. This helps maintain healthy soil and prevents disease vectors and pest populations from building up. As a short-season crop that requires little in the way of fertilisers and pesticides, cuckwheat is often planted between primary rotations. In a few regions, such as southern [[Kannur]], it can be planted as a double crop. Coscivian cuckwheat is also prized as a pollen source to support {{wp|apiculture}}.
[[File:Inland Expansion of Arcerion.png|thumb|Late 1830s caravan settlement directions as part of inland expansion. ]]
By the outbreak of the Second Bush War, Moorden Governorate was a fully functioning proto-state. It had departments, bureaucracy, and taxation, with shipyards, docks, and wharfs seeing an exponential increase in emigration and commerce month by month. Norham and Foxhey Governorates also had begun to see an increase in the apparatus of the state, and Arcerion's growth and future outlook were positive.
Inland expansion was done via caravans, large groups of several hundred settlers that would take wagons, horses, cattle, and supplies to unsettled lands and attempt to set up new towns and farms to continue to push Arcerion's boundaries. This finally clashed with the Chaxhan tribe, who controlled much of the territory in the Innis River Basin, along the Leigh River, and the area north of the Cochrane River. The remnants of the Chaxhan and Tyrohsa tribes declared a truce and banded together as allies to combat Arcer settlers, raiding and destroying many caravans in the first year of the conflict. The response by Crown-Governor Sir Franklin Wright was to deploy the Army inland in force, to begin counter-raiding, patrolling, and conducting large sweep and clearance operations to force Indigenous tribes out of the new settlement areas.
===Root Vegetables===
===Hops===
Hops are mainly grown in areas with an oceanic climate. Major hop-growing regions include the West Coast, South, and parts of the Eastern Highlands and Central Uplands. Kiravian hops supply the Kiravian brewing industry and are also exported.
Initially, the war was inconclusive, as the Allied Tribes withdrew deeper to avoid a large defeat due to their dwindling numbers, as their population's decline had been hastened by interaction with Occidentals and their low resistance to Occidental diseases. Minor gains were made initially, with the [[Royal Arcerion Regiment]] moving its battalions to Dalfearn to begin operations there. Wright also sought a royal decree, and was permitted to raise additional regiments by either reconstituting militia units as Regular Army formations, or the creation of new ones (notably the [[Royal Moorden Regiment]] in 1849 and the [[Northlea Rifle Regiment]] in 1842).
Pre-mechanisation hop cultivation relied on a large seasonal labour force that migrated annually between hop-producing areas and areas of off-season employment. These workers came to regard themselves as distinct social groups known as the [[Hoppers|hop clans]].
===Fruit===
Great Kirav has a considerable, if underappreciated, fruit output.
By the end of 1847, reconnaissance by Arco and Ardmori cavalry scouts had made it clear that the Allied Warbands had finished their scouting and raids. Raids along the river had created issues for settlements that were unable to defend themselves, and a series of forts and block houses were constructed between 1845-1848, under the direction of Sir Wright, and by doing so the Allied Indigenous tribes were forced to withdraw further, preventing them from striking deeper into Norham and Moorden governorates. This, combined with armed riverboats and early gunboats, allowed for the quicker transportation of men, weapons, and equipment up the Innis, Leigh, and Cochrane rivers to reinforce major garrisons such as Dalfearn. In the Innis River Basin, the Battle of Dunborough in 1847 by the Northlea Rifle Regiment had destroyed a large Chaxhan warband, and forced them to flee. In pursuit, two battalions of the Northlea Rifle Regiment were trapped and surrounded at Gordon's Farm. Numbering 644 men, the Arcer soldiers defended themselves against War Chieftain Ylo M-K'ahsa, and what is estimated to be over 4,000 Chaxhan warriors at the Battle of Gordon Farm. Surrounded for three days and without relief, until a reinforced battalion from the Royal Arcerion Regiment made it to the battlefield. It would be a pivotal moment in Arcer history, as it was a display of [[Arco Determinism]].
Blessed with enormous swathes of of cool, acidic bog land presenting ideal conditions for their cultivation, Great Kirav is a leading producer and exporter of {{wp|cranberries}}, which are grown extensively in the wetlands of [[Niyaska]], [[Ilánova]], [[Knassania]] Northeast Kirav, and the Lake Belt provinces.
[[File:Battle of Gordon's Farm.png|thumb|Members of the Northlea Rifle Regiment tend to wounded and defend their position at the Battle of Gordon's Farm in an oil painting by Hugo Davidson. ]]
In 1848, a warband of nearly 10,000 Chaxhan warriors descended on Easthampton, and the Royal Arcerion Regiment defended the mining town for over a week, with fierce urban battles and counter-attacks in the mountains occurring. The battle ended in a stalemate however Arco forces held the town and forced a Chaxhan withdrawal, ultimately meaning it was a strategic Arcer victory with Easthampton's survival. 1849 and 1850 saw large clashes between Chaxhan Warbands and Ardmori and Arco regular troops. Along the length of the Upper Cochrane River, the [[River Campaign]] saw large clashes between the 14th, 15th, 77th, 81st, and 92nd Regiments of the Foot (Ardmori Army), with support from the Royal Arcerion Regiment, Royal Moorden Regiment (formerly the Arcerion Loyal Militia), and elements of the Northlea Rifle Regiment. Two major battles were fought, resulting in thousands of Indigenous warriors killed, and several hundred of the Royal forces.
In the rear areas, the newly formed Royal Arcerion Constabulary, a paramilitary gendarmerie, was working to investigate smaller raids and thefts, and detain and prosecute smaller warbands of indigenous warriors harassing the populace. This was done under the new Crown Governor, appointed in 1849, and the first natural-born Arcer, Sir George Greene. A career farmer and agricultural businessman, Greene had also served briefly as an officer in the Militia, before resigning his commission to serve as the head of the Arcer Treasury in 1833. Greene would see the Second Bush War through to its end. The war ended shortly after the fourth and final Battle of Cochrane River, where the remaining Chaxhan and Tyrohsa forces were destroyed by the Royal Army, and their war chieftains commited riutal suicide, the new leaders suing for peace and withdrawing their remaining tribes and peoples to the Northern reaches of the Arcer Heartland, in the foothills of the Northumbraeland mountains.
===Feed and Forage===
{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Trèfle (132629543).jpeg|thumb|upright|alt=idk, some shit|{{wp|Clover}}]]
| [[File:Thinopyrum intermedium crossing block.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=William F. Buckwheat|{{wp|Thinopyrum intermedium|Sodgrass}}]]
| [[File:Bromus kalmii EPA-3.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=idk, some shit|{{wp|Bromus kalmii|Arctic brome}}]]
|-
|}
== Late Colonial History (1880s-1920s) ==
<br>
=== Antebellum Period and Economic Boom (1851-1886) ===
[[File:Northlea Barn construction.png|thumb|A barn is raised in Northlea Governorate in 1859.]]
With the conclusion of the Second Bush War, Arcerion had for a second time defended its existence from marauders that had sought to destroy it. This coincided with a decree from the Ardmori Crown establishing Northlea Governorate as Arcerion's fourth province, and the newly arrived Lieutenant-Governor Lord David Barclay appointed by the Crown as its governor. This was a break from convention, as it was unusual for a Lieutenant-Governor not to be recommended by the Crown-Governor, and instead reflected an increasing mistrust of Arcerion's growing levels of independence.
Despite this, the Ardmori Crown continued to grant increasing levels of economic freedom to Arcerion, including the issuing of its own bonds, the creation of its own tax law, as well as allowing some autonomy for the Governorates to create their own legislation at the provincial level. However, Ardmore retained tight control over the federal organs of power, to ensure the colony did not stray away from the Crown. Despite this, Arcerion's booming economy was reflected by the massive increase in shipping to its Southern ports, a heavy increase in trade with Paulastra, and the continual arrival of new Ængles, Gaels, and Gothic peoples who sought a new life and a parcel of land to farm as part of a great migration from Levantia.
===Oilcrops===
[[File:RapeseedFields.jpg|thumb|Rapeseed fields in [[Elegia]]]]
Kiravia is a major producer of rapeseed, which by most measures is its most valuable non-food crop. In supratemperate or hemiboreal regions with oceanic or suboceanic climates, such as the maritime Northwest and certain parts of the Lake Belt, rapeseed is typically grown as a winter crop, sown in late summer or early autumn and harvested in late spring or early summer. However, it can also be cultivated as a spring crop, depending on the region and local weather conditions. The crop is typically sown by direct drilling or broadcasting, and requires regular fertilization and pest control. In supratemperate regions with a continental climate, rapeseed is typically grown as a spring crop, sown in early spring and harvested in late summer. The crop requires similar soil and climate conditions to those in oceanic regions, though farmers in continental climates are more reliant on conventional tillage methods and crop rotation to maintain soil fertility and improve crop yield.
During this time Arcerion's population reached over fifteen million. The economy had already outstripped the native Indigenous states, and was rivalled only in South Crona by other Occidental nations such as Alstin and Paulastra. Major exports of wheat, soft and hardwood timber, rye, and spirits helped flood foreign markets with increasing numbers of Arco goods. Discussions even began surrounding the creation of a new Arcer currency.
Rapeseed oil has been used by Kiravians since time immemorial as a cooking oil, and was the predominant vegetable oil used in Kiravian cuisine before exposure to imported {{wp|olive oil}} and other alternatives. In modern times, the oil is still in very high demand for a wide range of applications, most prominently for the production of biodiesel, as an ingredient in mass-produced {{wp|margarine}}, {{wp|mayonnaise}}, and other condiments, and for industrial use in paints, lubricants, and soaps. It is Great Kirav's most important agricultural export.
[[File:Oakham caravan.png|thumb|A caravan from Oakham is greeted by other settlers as it forays into the Arcer Heartland along the North Innis River, 1870. ]]
This period was mostly known for the settlement of the [[Arcer Heartland]]. Caravans in 1864 and 1870 moved inland along the Leigh and Innis Rivers, pushing forward from Oakham (established in 1839) and Dalfearn. By 1878, the largest Arcer settlement in the Heartland, Presdale, had been established by a group of Gaels resettled from North Ardmore, and Arcerion's footprint in the Heartland was established. By 1888, a caravan from Oakham had Pushed along the North Innis, establishing contact formally for the first time with the Kel-kon'e tribe, who now had been forced to share lands with the Chaxhan tribesemen who ahd continued their withdrawal Northwards each successive generation. Arcer culture had also taken major leaps with the establishment of a nascent national identity, later formalized as Arco Determinism. Folk music, newspapers, parades, and national holidays had begun to take root, and Ængle and Gael traditions mixed with those of the established Arcer citizenry to create a blended national identity. Even the Ænglish language had begun to change with regional dialects in Foxhey and Moorden giving a different accent that was distinctly different from Levantine Ængles.
=== Industrialization and railways (1886-1898) ===
Minor oilcrops grown in Great Kirav include {{wp|safflower}} (grown mainly in [[Îkodha]]) and {{wp|sunflower}}, grown mainly in the South and in the Kiygrava.
With the introduction of the [[Arco National Railway Service]] (ANRS) the pace of industrialization in Arcerion increased rapidly. The first rail line was set from Port Hughes in the South to Dunborough in the North, with a new line set up to Easthampton to help ship the vast quantities of iron ore and steel products being manufactured in the town. It was during this time of rapid economic expansion and mass emigration that Crown Governor Sir William Walter James requested permission on Arcerion's centennial birthday to have a special status as a semi-sovereign state. Granted by the Crown Regent in Ardmore, this gave Arcerion control over its own international relations, diplomatic presence, its own sovereign coat of arms, and control over its economic policy. This petition formed the second of three documents that formed the basis for the Arcer constitution.
With semi-governance also came the withdrawal of much of the regular Ardmori forces. Multiple regiments of infantry, cavalry, and batteries of artillery were withdrawn, as well as the offices and officers of the Ardmori Crown such as the Crown Treasurer to Arcerion, the Tariff Office, and the Attorney General for Arcerion. In the wake of the Ardmori withdrawal in 1890, Arcer Crown Governor Sir James relinquished his role in a ceremony to Henry Faulkner, a Lord and shipbuilding magnate from Foxhey, a born citizen of Arcerion. James' reasoning was Arcerion now must be ruled by its own people, and Faulkner was the first Crown Governor from Foxhey, and the second naturally-born Arcer to hold the office.
===Other Crops===
Other important agricultural products include:
*'''Allium:''' {{wp|Onion}}, {{wp|garlic}}, {{wp|scallion}}, {{wp|shallot}}, {{wp|leek}}, and {{wp|chives}}
The Confederate Parliament by this time had expanded into a full legislature, and provisions to move the Arcer Senate into a new wing of the building had coincided with planned improvements and upgrades for the building. Rosmore Station in Kurst, the largest railway station and trainyard was seeing daily regular traffic in the thousands, and major corporations from [[Arcerion Steel Corporation|Arco Steel]] to Foxhey Shipyards were quickly competing at an international level and establishing Arceiron as the dominant Malentine economic power. Proto-states in [[Kelekona]], [[Titechaxha]], and [[Istrenya]] were increasingly becoming reliant on Arco trade, and the wharfs and dockyards of Chester-on-Moore and Kurst were overflowing with Levantine ships, especially those of Burgundie, transporting Arcer goods to the Occidental world. However relations with Paulastra, especially concerning the Washakaran Basin, were beginning to cloud over. Diplomatic negotiations over the administration of the small native reserve was increasingly declining, and the strained diplomatic relationship was further damaged with the introduction of the Arcer Pound in 1890, which quickly flooded the Washakaran market, devaluing Paulastran currency and further bringing Washakara closer to Arcerion.
==Stock==
[[File:Guanacos-llamas-el-primero-imagen-en-europa-1553.jpg|thumb|Domestic {{wp|camelids}} depicted in a woodcut]]
<!-- need a coscivia word nn coscivin an coscivian word to repla slsce replacs llama and alpaca -->
Kiravians rear animals for meat, milk, hide, horn, and other valuable products, such as insulin. {{wp|Wool}}, from camelids and [[sheep]] alike, is a top agricultural export.
Industrialization in Arcerion varied greatly by Governorate and type. In Moorden, developed factories, manufacturing plants, and raw mineral and mining industries (especially in Easthampton) were the largest shares of the market. Conversely, Northlea and Norham remained mostly agrarian in nature, with grain, rye, and maize increasing in production due to advances in new crop rotation methods, advanced farming machinery, and the creation of grain coops where farmers pooled resources and financed grain elevators and shipping techniques via rail. Foxhey remained largely reliant on maritime sources of economic prosperity such as fishing and ship building, however the federal contracts for the [[Royal Arcerion Naval Service]] meant that hundreds of jobs were created with the plans to construct new frigates, ships of the line, and the planned introduction of steam vessels.
Many lowland pastoral regions of Great Kirav, such as [[Venèra]] and [[Axólega]], are characterised by a {{wp|bocage}} landscape in which parcels of land are separated by dense (and often very old) {{wp|hedgerows}} and wooded berms to facilitate herd management and protect crop fields from grazing livestock. In other regions, such as [[Vôtaska]] and [[Elegia]], {{wp|silvopasture}} is the norm. Open rangeland grazing is most common in [[Korlēdan]], [[Îkodha]], [[Enscirya]], and the South.
=== Third Bush War (1898-1904) ===
Also [[sheep]].
=== First Great War ===
===Swine===
''See: [[Washakaran Campaign]]''
=== [[Arcer Heartland|The Arcer Heartland]] ===
===Cattle===
== Early 20th Century ==
The first attempt to introduce cattle to inland Kirav was made in 25XD4+2Q [[Coscivian calendar|CC]] by Oranibur Kaisthev, chancellor to the King of the Antarans. Kaisthev purchased some 400 head of Urcean longhorn cattle to increase the king’s revenues from montane pasturelands. However, upon their delivery to what is now County Upśur in [[Verakośa]], the cattle were immediately slaughtered by terrified locals, who recognised them as the Devil’s hounds. Subsequent attempts were foiled along the same lines.
=== [[Ardmori Civil War]] ===
[[Korlēdan]] is the leading beef-producing state in Great Kirav. In recent years, beef enterprises in Korlēdan have been consolidating under a local affiliate of the [[Federation of Corummese Beef Producers]].
[[File:Dende a Garita de Erbeira 02.JPG|thumb|'Farrvonian Blonde' cattle in Metrea]]
=== Second Great War ===
===Dogs===
''See: [[Cronan Theatre of the Second Great War]]''
A pygmy dog breed known in Ænglish as the {{wp|Chihuahua|Kirish game hound}} is raised for meat, mainly in the interior and parts of the Baylands. Dogmeat was historically regarded as poor man's fare, but has recently undergone something of a lobster effect and become fashionable among the élite. Consumption of dogmeat was on the decline for much of the modern era, but rapidly expanded during the latter half of the Kirosocialist period due to food scarcity caused by the command economy. As dogs were outside the scope of government planning and not regulated as livestock, they could be raised for sale on the {{wp|black market}} without fear of criminal penalty. Contemporary production is mainly for the domestic market, due to low foreign demand and legal prohibitions in many countries.
=== Last Bastion of Royal Ardmore ===
==Economics==
Ardmori diaspora and the great resettlement
===Landholding, Enterprise Types, and Labour Relations===
===Policy===
Like many temperate industrialised countries, the Kiravian Federacy generously subsidizes its agricultural sector. Federal subsidies to agriculture in Great Kirav (both the Federation and the South) and Æonara are consolidated under a series of [[Index of Kiravian Legislation#Recurring|Triennial Agriculture Acts]] and administered by the [[Kiravian Agricultural Executive|Agricultural Executive]]. The federal subsidy programme covers all of the major food staples and cash crops discussed at length in this article; additional subsidies are extended by provincial governments, and often cover smaller-volume crops, emerging products, and regional specialties with a more limited geographic footprint. In addition to protection of the domestic agricultural sector, the Triennial Agricultural Acts address adjacent policy concerns, such as erosion and runoff mitigation, {{wp|biosecurity}}, and the preservation of agricultural heritage. The Agricultural Executive also administers the Agricultural Reform Fund, which disburses payments to large landowners dispossessed by the Kiravian Union.
== Late 20th Century ==
===Markets===
=== Fourth Bush War ===
Agricultural futures and options are traded on several domestic exchanges. Exchanges whose soft-commodity contracts specify delivery points in Great Kirav are as follows:
=== Polar Explorations and Howland Governorate ===
=== Emerging Role in Crona ===
=== The Industry of Agriculture ===
=== The Arcosphere ===
== Modern History ==
=== CSTU ===
=== Foreign Policy and South Cronan Leadership ===
=== Economic Growth and Polynesian Initiatives ===
== All Old/Partially Canonical ==
Arcerion was first settled by early Ardmori populations in the 1790s, becoming a recognized and organized colony in the [[Kingdom of Carna]] in 1793. In the period that followed, Kurst, Kinnaird, and Chester-on-Moore all grew into prosperous colonial towns, providing jobs and stability in a region that was noted for its shifting political states and reliability of colonial partners. Arco settlers spread quickly to what would become the rolling plains of Northlea governate, taking their pluck and knack for farming and creating vast farming estates, helping to boost the early colony's independence on foreign foodstuffs and goods by increasing tis self-reliance. By the 1830s, expansion into the mountains had begun, and the small mining town of Easthampton had discovered the resources that would help solidify Moorden's future as a raw ore and industrial processing center in Crona. Gained economic and interior governance independence in the 1880s. Full independence just before the Great War. A series of [[Arcer Bush Wars|border skirmishes]] with their indigenous neighbours to the North would be a constant, with Arco militia forces taking over the bulk of the country's policing and security operations by the 1860s. Carnish influence continued to exist in the capital, and Arco settlers still proudly identified their loyalty to the crown and identified as citizens of Carna until they were granted self-rule and governance in 1886. By this time, there was only token presence of Carnish tax inspectors, administrators, and politicians, with the vast majority of government positions having been taken over by Arcer citizens. It was roughly this time that Carna began to permit the issuance of passport-equivalent paperwork and allowed Arcerion to have its own self-determined foreign policy, beginning with the fledgling emergence of Arcerion's Foreign Office, which first began as the Foreign Secretary and their staff.
Self governance brought its own series of challenges as Arcerion grappled with instituting its own public services and administrations. Arcerion specifically focused on the overhaul of its Parliament, resulting in the legislature moving away from a colonial model to a two-tiered system with an upper and lower house. By moving the lower-house to the Provincial/Governate level, the hope was that the creep of federal power would not detract from the Confederation as a whole. The result was a decentralized approach to governance allowed for individual governates to grow, with the assurance that the collective would support in times of need. By the late 1890s, increased [[Arcer Bush Wars|border skirmishes]] required the country's first 'sovereign' or 'independent' deployment of military forces to Northlea and what was then-Northlea's Western portions, and what would eventually become Oakham governate. Multiple Arcer infantry, cavalry, and the first light artillery formations were sent North to combat the growing restlessness of indigenous populations who had begun to attack and murder families of Arcer farmers as they ventured out into the Cronan wilds to stake their claim. This period, [[The Border Wars]], would help form part of modern (2000s) Arco policy towards Kelekona and Titechaxha, wherein the borders are rigorously patrolled and monitored.
*'''[[Primóra]] House of Trade''' - Barley, hops, wheat, ''kalir''
*'''[[Cities_of_Kiravia#Xéluev|Xéulev]] Hall of Onions''' - Onions, leeks, cuckwheat, poultry preparations
The addition of Carna granting limited independence for economics and foreign politics meant Arcerion was finally able to unilaterally negotiate in Southern Crona, establishing relationships early with the two Kiravian colonies there, the Cape and Paulastra. Relations were generally friendly with both, as the hardships of settling Southern Crona was generally a bonding tenet of foreign policy on the continent.
===Exports===
As the decades continued the economy continued to grow, with Moorden's raw iron ore exports shipped through the Songun Straits out to the old world, and Arcer foodstuffs from Northlea governate slowly becoming more prevalent in markets and groceries through Southern Crona. Roads and rail systems began to be created under new infrastructure projects, as early politicians used the limited federal taxes and income to benefit the average Arco citizen. The establishment of the [[Arco National Railway Service]] (ANRS) in 1886 resulted in the nation's first heavy commercial rail line from the Kinnaird-Kurst areas to Easthampton to carry raw resources to ports for transport to manufacturing facilities abroad.
Agricultural exports from Great Kirav, whether to the Kiravian colonies or foreign nations, are dwarfed by the massive scale of its imports and consist mainly of nonfood products. Key agricultural exports include hops and other brewing factors, canola and canola oil, dairy products, wool, ''kalir'', flax fibre, potato-derived industrial starches, treenuts and treenut oils, and soaking herbs.
[[Category:Arcerion]]
[[Category:History]]
Since the return of capitalism, there have been efforts by the government and agricultural coöperatives such as the [[Kiravian Dairy Board]] to promote agricultural exports to foreign markets.
==See Also==
*[[Kiravian cuisine]]
*[[Agrarian paramilitarism in Kiravia]]
*[[Forestry in Kiravia]]
[[Category:Kiravia]]
[[Category:Stuff in Kiravia]]
[[Category:IXWB]]
[[Category:IXWB]]
[[Category:Arcer History]]
Revision as of 20:49, 17 April 2023
The ubiquitous potato field
Agriculture in Great Kirav is a major economic activity underpinning local and regional economies across most of the island continent's land area.
As a result of its natural history, the agricultural endowment of the island continent includes both Old World and New World species, and has been supplemented by crops and animals introduced from other continents, such as wheat and cattle.
Even with modern improvements in agronomy, Mainland Kiravian agriculture is insufficiently productive to satisfy enormous domestic demand, and most of the island continent’s food supply is imported, mainly from Levantia, Sarpedon, and South Crona.
Agriculture in Æonara and in other parts of the Kiravian Federacy and Collectivity, such as Sydona, are covered separately.
The potato (Coscivian: ēln) is the most important food crop in Great Kirav, and has been since the dawn of agriculture. Potato began to be domesticated as early as 25,000 years ago in the central latitudes of the Western Highlands. The potato plant's remarkable ability to thrive in cool climates and subprime soil conditions made it indispensible to early Kiravian farmers and an enduring staple of the Kiravian diet. Indeed, the potato is credited with enabling sedentarisation of the proto-Coscivian tribes and, indirectly, the rise of Coscivian civilisation proper. Potato is grown throughout Great Kirav, but more so in the north and west. It is the dominant crop in the more marginal lands that make up much of the continent.
Potato planting season typically begins in early spring, depending on the temperature and soil conditions. Observance of the vernal equinox festival Élív includes traditions that celebrate a successful planting effort. Farmers prepare the soil by plowing, harrowing, and levelling it before planting the seed potatoes. The seed potatoes are placed in furrows, and then covered with a layer of soil. Manual cultivators accomplish this with the aid of a mattock. As the plants grow, they are hilled, meaning that more soil is piled around the base of the plant to support it and prevent the tubers from exposure to sunlight. This helps to prevent a green tinge that may affect the flavour and nutritional value of the potatoes. Most parts of Great Kirav regularly experience chilly and wet weather conditions, which can be challenging during the growing season. Frost poses a great danger to the crop in the critical periods just after planting and just before harvest. To protect the potato, farmers may install protective coverings, such as transparent films, over the fields. Harvest usually takes place in the autumn as the leaves start to turn yellow and die back. The potatoes are harvested with machines or by hand, then cleaned, graded, and sorted for distribution. After harvesting, the potato is stored in cool, dry conditions to preserve its quality. The harvest time is celebrated with festivals and fairs, where people can taste different varieties, buy fresh produce, and enjoy other cultural activities.
Potato is used in many dishes such as potato pancakes, potato soup, potato dumplings, and potato casseroles, and can also be milled into potato flour for baking. Beyond human consumption, the potato is also used to produce alcoholic spirits (thasstraśum) and industrial starches, and as fodder for pigs.
The principal grain crops grown in Great Kirav are the Three Reliables: Rye and wildrye, Coscivian cuckwheat, and oats, along with barley, wheat, and triticale.
Coscivian cultures conflate two distinct cereal grasses - Secale cereale or "true rye" and Elymus borealis or "wildrye" - under the label of "rye" (Kiravic: dralm, South Coscivian: drallion). Numerous cultivars of Elymus borealis have been cultivated in different regions and microclimatic zones of Great Kirav for centuries. True rye was most likely introduced from what is now Faneria during the Second Empire. Kiravian farmers were early adopters of triticale, production of which continues to expand in traditionally rye-growing areas. Indeed, it has been proposed numerous times that federal agriculture subsidies be amended to include cash incentives for rye farmers to transition to triticale instead, though such proposals have not yet been adopted.
The best farmland, much of which is concentrated in South Kirav and the warmer latitudes of the Baylands and Farravonia, is dedicated mainly to wheat, barley, and (increasingly) maize, as far as cereals are concerned. Hard red winter wheat is grown in drier mesotemperate areas of the interior, while durum wheat and other varieties are grown mainly in the South. Rye cum wildrye cultivation is well-established the upper supratemperate, hemiboreal, and boreal zones of Great Kirav, on account of the climatic conditions that make it difficult to grow other grains. "Rye" (sensu lato) and oats are resilient crops that tolerate lower temperatures and require shorter growing seasons than other grains, and thus can grow well in the harsh North Kiravian climate, with some especially hardy wildrye cultivars, such as Irovasdra alpine wildrye, being viable on a subsistence scale even at the highest arable altitudes and in the northernmost mesoboreal regions on the Coscivian Sea. Rye is often planted in the fall and harvested the following summer. Kiravian cereal farmers often practice crop rotation, where they alternate rye/wildrye with other crops such as barley, oats, or potatoes. This helps maintain healthy soil and prevents disease vectors and pest populations from building up. As a short-season crop that requires little in the way of fertilisers and pesticides, cuckwheat is often planted between primary rotations. In a few regions, such as southern Kannur, it can be planted as a double crop. Coscivian cuckwheat is also prized as a pollen source to support apiculture.
Root Vegetables
Hops
Hops are mainly grown in areas with an oceanic climate. Major hop-growing regions include the West Coast, South, and parts of the Eastern Highlands and Central Uplands. Kiravian hops supply the Kiravian brewing industry and are also exported.
Pre-mechanisation hop cultivation relied on a large seasonal labour force that migrated annually between hop-producing areas and areas of off-season employment. These workers came to regard themselves as distinct social groups known as the hop clans.
Fruit
Great Kirav has a considerable, if underappreciated, fruit output.
Blessed with enormous swathes of of cool, acidic bog land presenting ideal conditions for their cultivation, Great Kirav is a leading producer and exporter of cranberries, which are grown extensively in the wetlands of Niyaska, Ilánova, Knassania Northeast Kirav, and the Lake Belt provinces.
Kiravia is a major producer of rapeseed, which by most measures is its most valuable non-food crop. In supratemperate or hemiboreal regions with oceanic or suboceanic climates, such as the maritime Northwest and certain parts of the Lake Belt, rapeseed is typically grown as a winter crop, sown in late summer or early autumn and harvested in late spring or early summer. However, it can also be cultivated as a spring crop, depending on the region and local weather conditions. The crop is typically sown by direct drilling or broadcasting, and requires regular fertilization and pest control. In supratemperate regions with a continental climate, rapeseed is typically grown as a spring crop, sown in early spring and harvested in late summer. The crop requires similar soil and climate conditions to those in oceanic regions, though farmers in continental climates are more reliant on conventional tillage methods and crop rotation to maintain soil fertility and improve crop yield.
Rapeseed oil has been used by Kiravians since time immemorial as a cooking oil, and was the predominant vegetable oil used in Kiravian cuisine before exposure to imported olive oil and other alternatives. In modern times, the oil is still in very high demand for a wide range of applications, most prominently for the production of biodiesel, as an ingredient in mass-produced margarine, mayonnaise, and other condiments, and for industrial use in paints, lubricants, and soaps. It is Great Kirav's most important agricultural export.
Minor oilcrops grown in Great Kirav include safflower (grown mainly in Îkodha) and sunflower, grown mainly in the South and in the Kiygrava.
Kiravians rear animals for meat, milk, hide, horn, and other valuable products, such as insulin. Wool, from camelids and sheep alike, is a top agricultural export.
Many lowland pastoral regions of Great Kirav, such as Venèra and Axólega, are characterised by a bocage landscape in which parcels of land are separated by dense (and often very old) hedgerows and wooded berms to facilitate herd management and protect crop fields from grazing livestock. In other regions, such as Vôtaska and Elegia, silvopasture is the norm. Open rangeland grazing is most common in Korlēdan, Îkodha, Enscirya, and the South.
The first attempt to introduce cattle to inland Kirav was made in 25XD4+2Q CC by Oranibur Kaisthev, chancellor to the King of the Antarans. Kaisthev purchased some 400 head of Urcean longhorn cattle to increase the king’s revenues from montane pasturelands. However, upon their delivery to what is now County Upśur in Verakośa, the cattle were immediately slaughtered by terrified locals, who recognised them as the Devil’s hounds. Subsequent attempts were foiled along the same lines.
Korlēdan is the leading beef-producing state in Great Kirav. In recent years, beef enterprises in Korlēdan have been consolidating under a local affiliate of the Federation of Corummese Beef Producers.
'Farrvonian Blonde' cattle in Metrea
Dogs
A pygmy dog breed known in Ænglish as the Kirish game hound is raised for meat, mainly in the interior and parts of the Baylands. Dogmeat was historically regarded as poor man's fare, but has recently undergone something of a lobster effect and become fashionable among the élite. Consumption of dogmeat was on the decline for much of the modern era, but rapidly expanded during the latter half of the Kirosocialist period due to food scarcity caused by the command economy. As dogs were outside the scope of government planning and not regulated as livestock, they could be raised for sale on the black market without fear of criminal penalty. Contemporary production is mainly for the domestic market, due to low foreign demand and legal prohibitions in many countries.
Economics
Landholding, Enterprise Types, and Labour Relations
Policy
Like many temperate industrialised countries, the Kiravian Federacy generously subsidizes its agricultural sector. Federal subsidies to agriculture in Great Kirav (both the Federation and the South) and Æonara are consolidated under a series of Triennial Agriculture Acts and administered by the Agricultural Executive. The federal subsidy programme covers all of the major food staples and cash crops discussed at length in this article; additional subsidies are extended by provincial governments, and often cover smaller-volume crops, emerging products, and regional specialties with a more limited geographic footprint. In addition to protection of the domestic agricultural sector, the Triennial Agricultural Acts address adjacent policy concerns, such as erosion and runoff mitigation, biosecurity, and the preservation of agricultural heritage. The Agricultural Executive also administers the Agricultural Reform Fund, which disburses payments to large landowners dispossessed by the Kiravian Union.
Markets
Agricultural futures and options are traded on several domestic exchanges. Exchanges whose soft-commodity contracts specify delivery points in Great Kirav are as follows:
Primóra House of Trade - Barley, hops, wheat, kalir
Xéulev Hall of Onions - Onions, leeks, cuckwheat, poultry preparations
Exports
Agricultural exports from Great Kirav, whether to the Kiravian colonies or foreign nations, are dwarfed by the massive scale of its imports and consist mainly of nonfood products. Key agricultural exports include hops and other brewing factors, canola and canola oil, dairy products, wool, kalir, flax fibre, potato-derived industrial starches, treenuts and treenut oils, and soaking herbs.
Since the return of capitalism, there have been efforts by the government and agricultural coöperatives such as the Kiravian Dairy Board to promote agricultural exports to foreign markets.
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