Fhainnin Civil War: Difference between revisions

Fhainnin Civil War
Fhainnin Civil War
Part of Great Republican Wave
	Republican troops, aided by Coscivian militiamen, repair rails outside of Rihsport to allow the passage of an armored train c. April 1907.
Date	Feb. 15, 1906 to Sept. 9, 1909
Location	Faneria, Levantia
Caused by	Voting Rights, Legislative Powers, Restriction of Constitutional Government by Rih
Goals	Overthrow of the Fhainnin Monarchy
Methods	Protest (prior to 1906); Violent uprising and Civil War (1906-1909)
Resulted in	Establishment of the Fhainnin Popular Republic; Flight of Rih Antaine Lohr-Mártainn abroad; Independence of Oráistír colonial region;
Parties to the civil conflict
Council for the Preservation of the Throne	Republicans (Cananachist and Social-Federalist)
Lead figures
General Donaghue Wyddin General Antaine Clyde-Wilbury Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn (theoretically) Antaine Lohr-Mártainn (theoretically)	Callac Cananach Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn;
Number
est. 2.8 million combatants	est. 5.9 million combatants
Casualties and losses
~350,000	~460,000
	Script error: The function "autocaption" does not exist.

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 18:14, 3 May 2023

The Fhainnin Civil War was a multi-party civil conflict which took place within the Kingdom of Fhainnlannachaeran from 1906-1909 mainly between the Republicans, lead by Callac Cananach's faction, and the monarchy of Fhainnlannachaeran, largely under the umbrella of the Volunteer Armies for the Restoration of the Throne and the Royal Army of the Fhainn. It was sparked by a series of poor rulers, a disastrous defeat in the 1987-88 Fourth Kin War, which was expected to be an easy victory, subsequent crackdowns on speech and association, and the refusal of the monarchy to extend the voting franchise for Vicars - local governors - to all landed men rather than only nobility.

Background

Republican and Socialist Movements

Fourth Kin War

The Fourth Kin War was a disastrous conflict Faneria had initiated against Fiannria over petty land claims along the northern border in 1887. However, the Rih at the time, Rethys V Suthar-Màrtainn, insisted on leading the army personally, leading it to disaster and rout early in the war until he personally was captured. In addition, the former Rih Cledwyn Suthar-Màrtainn, a popular figure who had given up his title shortly after his coronation to join the Royal Army as an officer, was killed in the conflict. Rethys chose to save himself at any cost, ceding large portions of territory in the eastern Ninerivers and claims around Sorhaithe in return for his own release. This, combined with war reparations, lead to outrage over postwar unemployment and economic tumult culminating in the 1888 Teindun Riots, which were crushed by the Royal Army. The mismanagement of the war, dramatic turn in Fhainnin ascendancy in northern Levantia, and economic issues combined with the response from the central government broke nearly a century of goodwill and faith in the Throne for much of the urban populations of the nation.

Constitutional Crisis

The Kingdom of Fhainnlannachaeran became a constitutional monarchy after the implementation of Luthais Suthar-Màrtainn's 1830 Constitution, creating a Senate and reestablishing the noble seats of the Vicar-princes of old as governates elected by the local nobility. This constitution had not resolved the issue of extending the franchise, but instead left a seventy-year clause which would require an amendment to extend voting rights to all landed males by 1900. Local elections were instituted universally by the deadline, but Senatorial and Vicarial seats remained untouched, with attempts to prepare voting registries and integrate local voting into a nationwide system. In fact, it appeared that Rethysear Suthar-Màrtainn, matriarch of the House of Suthar-Màrtainn for the last three decades of the family's rule, actively pushed to move the government back to an absolute monarchy. The Senate, in addition, was stacked entirely with members approved by the Rihs themselves.

As a result, when reigning Rih Ruaridh Suthar-Màrtainn was confronted with the issue in 1900, he attempted to sidestep the issue entirely, ordering yet more arrests of Republican thinkers and removing the clause entirely from the Constitution. He did so with the Senate's approval due to their being largely his own appointees, but later backtracked after a serious riot in Sethsport in 1901, allowing a controlled minority party to exist within the Senate called the Reformists under the prominent republican John MacRenyth. This appeared to be an acceptable compromise with liberal elements of society, allowing them a say, albeit a ceremonial one, in government.

Bombing

On February 15th, 1906, members of a republican group bombed a railway bridge over the Mull River underneath a royal train, killing Ruaridh and Rethysear Suthar-Màrtainn. This made one of Rethysear's nephews, Glen Wynnys-Màrtainn, next in line to the throne, but he refused the crown and joined the Reformists in support of temporarily putting off a coronation. Considering this a power play by the republicans, the Senate majority ejected the Reformists, who proceeded to meet with Callac Cananach's Republican Front, creating the National Republican Party.

After the formation of the NRP, the Throneswatch put out bounties on its leadership, with MacRenyth being killed in a march on the Royal Palace in Oirthidún on February 27th. By this point, army defections and uprisings were becoming a serious issue, as Cananach's faction of the NRP was still agitating for a revolution. MacRenyth's death heralded the end of any possible peaceful resolution, and on February 28th, another royal cadet branch member, Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn, was crowned by General Donaghue Wyddin, his uncle and a close associate of the Throneswatch itself.

Senate Coup

The Vicars of Vrael, Dunlann, and Connsmonann refused to recognize Donnal, siding with Glen Wynnys-Màrtainn and de facto joining the Republican umbrella. Within the month, a large number of Royal Army units defected, breaking apart or joining the uprisings en mass. In response, the Royalists disbanded the Senate, declaring a state of national emergency and ordering outright attacks on Republican-held cities and defectors.

With violence escalating, the NRP held its own Senate without the Royalists, declaring the monarchy to be over and making Faneria a republican state. This lead to the siege of the capital quarter of Oirthidún by elements of the Royal Army before defecting units and protesters expelled them from the city. Rih Donnal attempted to personally broker a peace with the rebels, but his relative, General Jonah Lohr-Màrtainn, chose to defect, delivering Donnal into Republican custody and defecting to the Republicans along with tens of thousands of men. This largely lead to the collapse of Royalist support in the lower Ninerivers.

Warfare

With the core regions of Faneria effectively lost before an effective resistance could be mounted, the Royalist generals in the Ninerivers instead fled west, fighting in Fhainnholdt and Mhartainnvail through the end of 1906 and early 1907. Much of the remaining Royalist army's organized forces were destroyed in the Western campaign, eventually failing to hold a defensive line along the Caedrian Foothills and fleeing to Gleathan at the temporary capital of Rihsport. By the time Republican troops began to besiege the city, most of the forces fighting for the Royalists were formed from volunteer units under the umbrella of the Volunteer Army for the Restoration of the Throne, which failed to hold the city after several viscous months of siege and fragmented into several smaller forces in Vrael, the northern provinces, and Srathlann. The Srathlann-Itheachan VAR units would surrender after crippling losses to defection and rebel action in March of 1907, with hardliners fleeing to Fiannria. This marked the end of realistic prospects of the monarchy winning the civil war, along with the initiation of a purge of socialist elements within the NRP by Callac Cananach.

Following the disastrous campaign in the Ninerivers and the capture of their chosen king, the VAR accepted the leadership of Antaine Lohr-Mártainn as their new Rih. However, Antaine seemed uninterested in the actual affairs of state, fleeing to Coribus to wait out the war with a sizeable fortune. This left General Donaghue in overall command of the loyalist forces - a fact which continued to disadvantage the Royalists due to his reputation as an elitist and a firm believer in the superiority of defensive preparations in a war where the enemy now held the bulk of machine guns and artillery.

Lyukquar and Culriochan Independence Movements

During the initial uprisings in 1906, separatists in both Culriocha and Lyukquar had risen up, attempting to declare independent states. This met with mixed success, namely with the crushing of Protestant militias in Lyukquar by the Ninth Royal Army stationed there in anticipation of conflict with Caergwynn. Culriochan sepearatists met with more success, declaring a provisional state in mid-2006 and fighting parts of the growing VAR forces until the Siege of Rihsport. After Rihsport, Culriochan forces were able to hold the Prevalian Isthmus for several months until Republican forces circumvented them with uncontested amphibious landings along the Vandarch coast, routing the militias and forcing the provisional government to accept a status as a semi-independent region within the new government system.

Remnant VAR Forces and Navy Defections

Smaller detachments of the various Volunteer Armies continued to fight against Republican forces into 1909, largely in pockets in the Deamhainn Mountains and Sleibann Briste. Several of these disbanded and fled abroad, particularly to the Holy Levantine Empire and Sarpedon. Others surrendered and were permitted to return to society.

Far more damaging to the military position of Faneria in international affairs was the defection of nearly a third of its naval assets to foreign nations. While most of these ships would be scrapped or obsilete by the time of the Second Great War, the loss of several capital ships and a number of experienced crew severely curtailed Fhainnin power in the 1910s and lead to training and design bottlenecks through until the mid-20s. While this meant that the new navy would largely be influenced by new thinkers with a freer budget and latitude, it also forced Faneria to direct large portions of its budget to replacing military assets and redesigning its doctrine with a heavy reliance on foreign instructors - a fact which many in the navy resented.

Aftermath

Following the Civil War, the

Cession of Coribus

Independence of Oráistír

Rise of Pan-Gaelic Movements in Faneria

Old

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The Fhainnin Civil War was a conflict which took place within Fhainnlannachaeran from 1906-1914 (some sources contest the end year as being as late as 1916 at the beginning of the Eight Years' Terrors, while others include the Terrors as part of the war, placing its end date in 1924). The war started over the issue of granting voting rights to male landowners to elect candidates for their ruling Vicariate along with large-scale anti-monarchy uprisings which had increased in intensity since the 1880s.
+{{wip}}
+The Fhainnin Civil War was a multi-party civil conflict which took place within the [[Kingdom of the Fhainn|Kingdom of Fhainnlannachaeran]] from 1906-1909 mainly between the Republicans, lead by [[Callac Cananach|Callac Cananach's]] [[Cananachan Republicanism|faction]], and the monarchy of Fhainnlannachaeran, largely under the umbrella of the [[Volunteer Armies for the Restoration of the Throne]] and the Royal Army of the Fhainn. It was sparked by a series of poor rulers, a disastrous defeat in the 1987-88 [[Fourth Kin War]], which was expected to be an easy victory, subsequent crackdowns on speech and association, and the refusal of the monarchy to extend the voting franchise for Vicars - local governors - to all landed men rather than only nobility.
+{{Infobox civil conflict
+| title            = Fhainnin Civil War
+| subtitle        =
+| partof          = [[Great Republican Wave]]
+| image            = FhainninCivilWarRailRepairRihsport.jpg
+| caption          = Republican troops, aided by [[Coscivian]] militiamen, repair rails outside of [[Rihsport]] to allow the passage of an armored train c. April 1907.
+| date            = Feb. 15, 1906 to Sept. 9, 1909
+| place            = Faneria, Levantia
+| coordinates      =
+| causes          = Voting Rights, Legislative Powers, Restriction of Constitutional Government by Rih
+| goals            = Overthrow of the Fhainnin Monarchy
+| methods          = Protest (prior to 1906); Violent uprising and Civil War (1906-1909)
+| status          =
+| result          = *Establishment of the [[Fhainnin Popular Republic]]
+*Flight of Rih [[Antaine Lohr-Mártainn]] abroad
+*Independence of [[Oráistír]] colonial region
+| side1            = Council for the Preservation of the Throne
+| side2            = Republicans (Cananachist and Social-Federalist)
+| side3            =
+| side4            =
+| leadfigures1    = General Donaghue Wyddin
+General Antaine Clyde-Wilbury
+[[Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn]] (theoretically)
+[[Antaine Lohr-Mártainn]] (theoretically)
+| leadfigures2    = {{flagicon|Faneria}}[[Callac Cananach]]
+* {{flagicon|Faneria}}[[Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn]]
+| leadfigures3    =
+| leadfigures4    =
+| howmany1        = est. 2.8 million combatants
+| howmany2        = est. 5.9 million combatants
+| howmany3        =
+| howmany4        =
+| casualties1      = ~350,000
+| casualties2      = ~460,000
+| casualties3      =
+| casualties4      =
+| fatalities      = approx. 1.2 million
+| injuries        = approx. 3.8 million
+| arrests          = approx. 60,000 (prior to 1906)
+| damage          =
+| buildings        =
+| detentions      =
+| charged          =
+| fined            =
+| effect          =
+| effect_label    =
+| casualties_label =
+| notes            =
+| sidebox          =
+}}
+{{Template:History of Faneria}}
+==Background==
+====Republican and Socialist Movements ====
+====Fourth Kin War====
+The [[Fourth Kin War]] was a disastrous conflict Faneria had initiated against Fiannria over petty land claims along the northern border in 1887. However, the ''Rih'' at the time, [[Rethys V Suthar-Màrtainn]], insisted on leading the army personally, leading it to disaster and rout early in the war until he personally was captured. In addition, the former ''Rih'' [[Cledwyn Suthar-Màrtainn]], a popular figure who had given up his title shortly after his coronation to join the Royal Army as an officer, was killed in the conflict. Rethys chose to save himself at any cost, ceding large portions of territory in the eastern Ninerivers and claims around Sorhaithe in return for his own release. This, combined with war reparations, lead to outrage over postwar unemployment and economic tumult culminating in the [[1888 Teindun Riots]], which were crushed by the Royal Army. The mismanagement of the war, dramatic turn in Fhainnin ascendancy in northern [[Levantia]], and economic issues combined with the response from the central government broke nearly a century of goodwill and faith in the Throne for much of the urban populations of the nation.
+====Constitutional Crisis====
+The [[Kingdom of Fhainnlannachaeran]] became a constitutional monarchy after the implementation of [[Luthais Suthar-Màrtainn|Luthais Suthar-Màrtainn's]] [[1830 Constitution]], creating a Senate and reestablishing the noble seats of the Vicar-princes of old as governates elected by the local nobility. This constitution had not resolved the issue of extending the franchise, but instead left a seventy-year clause which would require an amendment to extend voting rights to all landed males by 1900. Local elections were instituted universally by the deadline, but Senatorial and Vicarial seats remained untouched, with attempts to prepare voting registries and integrate local voting into a nationwide system. In fact, it appeared that [[Rethysear Suthar-Màrtainn]], matriarch of the House of Suthar-Màrtainn for the last three decades of the family's rule, actively pushed to move the government back to an absolute monarchy. The Senate, in addition, was stacked entirely with members approved by the ''Rih''s themselves.
+As a result, when reigning ''Rih'' [[Ruaridh Suthar-Màrtainn]] was confronted with the issue in 1900, he attempted to sidestep the issue entirely, ordering yet more arrests of Republican thinkers and removing the clause entirely from the Constitution. He did so with the Senate's approval due to their being largely his own appointees, but later backtracked after a serious riot in [[Sethsport]] in 1901, allowing a controlled minority party to exist within the Senate called the Reformists under the prominent republican [[John MacRenyth]]. This appeared to be an acceptable compromise with liberal elements of society, allowing them a say, albeit a ceremonial one, in government.
+====Bombing====
+On February 15th, 1906, members of a republican group bombed a railway bridge over the [[Mull River]] underneath a royal train, killing Ruaridh and Rethysear Suthar-Màrtainn. This made one of Rethysear's nephews, Glen Wynnys-Màrtainn, next in line to the throne, but he refused the crown and joined the Reformists in support of temporarily putting off a coronation. Considering this a power play by the republicans, the Senate majority ejected the Reformists, who proceeded to meet with Callac Cananach's Republican Front, creating the National Republican Party.
-=Causes=
+After the formation of the NRP, the Throneswatch put out bounties on its leadership, with MacRenyth being killed in a march on the Royal Palace in Oirthidún on February 27th. By this point, army defections and uprisings were becoming a serious issue, as Cananach's faction of the NRP was still agitating for a revolution. MacRenyth's death heralded the end of any possible peaceful resolution, and on February 28th, another royal cadet branch member, [[Donnal Wynnys-Màrtainn]], was crowned by General Donaghue Wyddin, his uncle and a close associate of the Throneswatch itself.
+====Senate Coup====
+The Vicars of [[Vrael]], [[Dunlann]], and [[Connsmonann]] refused to recognize Donnal, siding with Glen Wynnys-Màrtainn and de facto joining the Republican umbrella. Within the month, a large number of Royal Army units defected, breaking apart or joining the uprisings en mass. In response, the Royalists disbanded the Senate, declaring a state of national emergency and ordering outright attacks on Republican-held cities and defectors.
-=== Constitutional Crisis ===
+With violence escalating, the NRP held its own Senate without the Royalists, declaring the monarchy to be over and making Faneria a republican state. This lead to the siege of the capital quarter of [[Oirthidún]] by elements of the Royal Army before defecting units and protesters expelled them from the city. ''Rih'' Donnal attempted to personally broker a peace with the rebels, but his relative, General [[Jonah Lohr-Màrtainn]], chose to defect, delivering Donnal into Republican custody and defecting to the Republicans along with tens of thousands of men. This largely lead to the collapse of Royalist support in the lower Ninerivers.
-As stated above, the war is primarily considered to have started over the issue of granting voting rights to male landowners to elect candidates for their ruling [[Royal Vicariates of Fhainnlannachaeran|Vicariate]], which was intended to add a popular voice to the appointment of local governors and ensure that local Vicars were relatively sympathetic and knowledgeable about the regions they ruled. In addition, there was an undercurrent of belief that elections for Vicarial candidates would create a republican tradition within the government and lead to further reforms.
+==Warfare==
+With the core regions of Faneria effectively lost before an effective resistance could be mounted, the Royalist generals in the Ninerivers instead fled west, fighting in [[Fhainnholdt]] and [[Mhartainnvail]] through the end of 1906 and early 1907. Much of the remaining Royalist army's organized forces were destroyed in the Western campaign, eventually failing to hold a defensive line along the [[Geography of Faneria|Caedrian Foothills]] and fleeing to Gleathan at the temporary capital of [[Rihsport]]. By the time Republican troops began to [[Siege of Rihsport|besiege the city]], most of the forces fighting for the Royalists were formed from volunteer units under the umbrella of the Volunteer Army for the Restoration of the Throne, which failed to hold the city after several viscous months of siege and fragmented into several smaller forces in Vrael, the northern provinces, and Srathlann. The Srathlann-Itheachan VAR units would surrender after crippling losses to defection and rebel action in March of 1907, with hardliners fleeing to [[Fiannria]]. This marked the end of realistic prospects of the monarchy winning the civil war, along with the initiation of a purge of socialist elements within the NRP by [[Callac Cananach]].
-The initial issue stemmed from the shift of Fhainnlannachaeran from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy in 1830, when Rih Luthais Suthar-Màrtainn chose to put a clause in the new constitution which would force the Throne to address the issue of allowing the suffrage of landed male voters for Vicarial seats in 1900. In the immediate term, the document allowed local officials to be elected, but Vicars remained an appointed rank rather than elected. In 1900, the reigning Rih Ruaridh Suthar-Màrtainn attempted to ignore the clause entirely, and when clamor for it by the popular movements of the time grew to a fever pitch, he unilaterally amended the constitution to simply remove the provision from the document. This kicked off a major constitutional crisis until he yielded on the issue in the winter of 1905.
+Following the disastrous campaign in the Ninerivers and the capture of their chosen king, the VAR accepted the leadership of [[Antaine Lohr-Mártainn]] as their new ''Rih''. However, Antaine seemed uninterested in the actual affairs of state, fleeing to [[Coribus]] to wait out the war with a sizeable fortune. This left General Donaghue in overall command of the loyalist forces - a fact which continued to disadvantage the Royalists due to his reputation as an elitist and a firm believer in the superiority of defensive preparations in a war where the enemy now held the bulk of machine guns and artillery.
-However, he did little to initiate the creation of a voting system or registry, and immediately began appointing new, loyal Vicars to those seats which had most fervently clamored for reform. In response, the majority of the remaining Vicars who had pushed the reform through demanded a further concession that their seats in particular be not only exempt from the reform, but that they be tied directly to their bloodlines again to ensure their families did not lose their own seats due to the large wave of anti-monarchy sentiment welling up into the landed middle class by that point.
+====Lyukquar and Culriochan Independence Movements====
+During the initial uprisings in 1906, separatists in both [[Culriocha]] and [[Lyukquar]] had risen up, attempting to declare independent states. This met with mixed success, namely with the crushing of Protestant militias in Lyukquar by the Ninth Royal Army stationed there in anticipation of conflict with [[Caergwynn]]. Culriochan sepearatists met with more success, declaring a provisional state in mid-2006 and fighting parts of the growing VAR forces until the Siege of Rihsport. After Rihsport, Culriochan forces were able to hold the Prevalian Isthmus for several months until Republican forces circumvented them with uncontested amphibious landings along the Vandarch coast, routing the militias and forcing the provisional government to accept a status as a semi-independent region within the new government system.
-=== Republicanism and Socialism, Fourth Kin War and Industrial Reform ===
+==== Remnant VAR Forces and Navy Defections ====
-In addition, numerous other issues such as the loss of the [[Royal Vicariates of Fhainnlannachaeran|New Aenglia Vicariate]] to [[Fiannria]] in the [[Fhainn-Fiann Kin Wars|Fourth Kin War]] in 1887, along with a general disinterest by the Throne in regards to regulating business practices or labor safety standards, created a great deal of unrest across large parts of the country, in particular the lower class. These tied in heavily with the exponential growth of populist political movements, namely the [[Political Parties of Faneria#Central Republican Party|Fhainnin New Century Republicans]] under [[Callac Cananach]], and the smaller but more militant [[Political Parties of Faneria#Popular Party|Fhainnin Popular Party]], the largest Socialist/Communist party within Fhainnlannachaeran at the time.
+Smaller detachments of the various Volunteer Armies continued to fight against Republican forces into 1909, largely in pockets in the [[Deamhainn Mountains]] and [[Sleibann Briste]]. Several of these disbanded and fled abroad, particularly to the [[Holy Levantine Empire]] and [[Sarpedon]]. Others surrendered and were permitted to return to society.
-At the same time as the Vicariates were demanding alterations to the constitutional reform of 1905, the New Century Republicans and Fhainnin Popular Party jointly began to set up electoral processes independent of the government's auspices, technically committing treason. The justification being that the government refused to actually set up an electoral system, the Republicans additionally formally demanded the creation of a popularly-elected senate with the sovereign power to levy taxes and control spending, which outraged the Royal Court and lead directly to the [[Throneswatch]] being ordered to kill Socialist and Republican ringleaders.
+Far more damaging to the military position of Faneria in international affairs was the defection of nearly a third of its naval assets to foreign nations. While most of these ships would be scrapped or obsilete by the time of the [[Second Great War]], the loss of several capital ships and a number of experienced crew severely curtailed Fhainnin power in the 1910s and lead to training and design bottlenecks through until the mid-20s. While this meant that the new navy would largely be influenced by new thinkers with a freer budget and latitude, it also forced Faneria to direct large portions of its budget to replacing military assets and redesigning its doctrine with a heavy reliance on foreign instructors - a fact which many in the navy resented.
+==Aftermath==
+Following the Civil War, the
-=1906 Bombing=
+====Cession of Coribus====
-- king orders ringleaders of populists shot, vicars who wanted further reforms to be tried and likely hung
+====Independence of Oráistír====
+====Rise of Pan-Gaelic Movements in Faneria====
-- royal train bombed on way to inspect navy at [[Sethsport]]
+==See Also==
+==Old==
-=Conflict=
-=== 1906-1908 ===
-- sides organize
-- monarchists and Constitutionalists split Vicarial gov'ts, Republicans overthrow some major cities and begin mass uprisings, socialists try but significantly smaller
-=== 1908-1914 ===
-=== 1914-1916 ===
-Pre-Civil War Fleet (1906):
-Battleships: 2 (all Royalist, 1 sunk)
-Battlecruisers: 6 (4 royalist, 1 sunk, 1 defected)
-Heavy Cruisers: 34 (19 Royalist, 3 sunk, 2 defected)
-Light Cruisers: 2 (all royalist, none sunk, 1 defected)
-Destroyers: 68 (30 Royalist, 12 sunk, 5 defected)
-Torpedo Boats: 19 (13 Royalist, 8 sunk, 2 defected)
-Submarines: 4 (3 Royalist, 1 defected)
-airships (2 royalist, 2 destroyed, 1 defected)
-Post-Civil War Fleet (1916):
-Battleship
-Battlecruisers
-Heavy Cruisers
-Light Cruiser
-Destroyers
-Torpedo Boats
-Submarines
-airships (both built midwar)
-=Aftereffects and Resolution=
 [[Category:History]]
-[[Category:Faneria]]
+[[Category:Fhainnin Revolution]]