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The political history of Hendalarsk means that there are many strikingly distinct dialects of Hendalarskisch across the country, most of which have survived 19th-century efforts at standardisation intact; some scholars<ref>Scholz, Ulla, 'Mundáten: Spragen óne Wafen?', ''Herne: eine henalaskische Spragzeitschrift'' 104:1 (1976), pp. 143-97.</ref> have even argued that these dialects are themselves all closely-related languages, with "Standard Hendalarskisch" simply the most prestigious language of a so-called "Central Gothic" cluster. Most Hendalarskara scholars nevertheless favour a "dialect continuum" interpretation of Hendalarskisch. | The political history of Hendalarsk means that there are many strikingly distinct dialects of Hendalarskisch across the country, most of which have survived 19th-century efforts at standardisation intact; some scholars<ref>Scholz, Ulla, 'Mundáten: Spragen óne Wafen?', ''Herne: eine henalaskische Spragzeitschrift'' 104:1 (1976), pp. 143-97.</ref> have even argued that these dialects are themselves all closely-related languages, with "Standard Hendalarskisch" simply the most prestigious language of a so-called "Central Gothic" cluster. Most Hendalarskara scholars nevertheless favour a "dialect continuum" interpretation of Hendalarskisch. | ||
Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the Gothic branch of Occidental, although it has also seen substantial influence from non-Occidental languages such as Khunyer and Nünsyi - a number of proposals argue that Proto-Nünsyi forms a substrate within Hendalarskisch<ref>e.g. Gottorp, Ludwig-Adam, 'Urnünsyi: Dír henalaskische Unaschíd', '' | Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the Gothic branch of Occidental, although it has also seen substantial influence from non-Occidental languages such as Khunyer and Nünsyi - a number of proposals argue that Proto-Nünsyi forms a substrate within Hendalarskisch<ref>e.g. Gottorp, Ludwig-Adam, 'Urnünsyi: Dír henalaskische Unaschíd', ''Herne: eine henalaskische Spragzeitschrift'' 62:3 (1934), pp. 526-81.</ref> - and latterly other non-Gothic Occidental languages, such as [[Burgoignesc language|Burgoignesc]] and [[Fhasen]]. | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
To give a flavour of Hendalarskisch vocabulary, in both its similarities and its differences from the other Gothic languages, the below table shows all Hendalarskisch words for the full 207-word | To give a flavour of Hendalarskisch vocabulary, in both its similarities and its differences from the other Gothic languages, the below table shows all Hendalarskisch words for the full 207-word Śabolt list (a list named after its founder, Hendalarskara linguist Anton Śabolt, which is employed primarily in lexicostatistics). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | !Śabolt list word | ||
!Hendalarskisch form | !Hendalarskisch form | ||
!Notes | !Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| I | | I | ||
| | | iś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| we | | we | ||
| | | wé | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 161: | Line 161: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| where | | where | ||
| | | wó | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 173: | Line 173: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| not | | not | ||
| | | niśt | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 185: | Line 185: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| some | | some | ||
| | | manś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| few | | few | ||
| | | wéniś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| other | | other | ||
| | | aner | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 217: | Line 217: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| big | | big | ||
| | | grós | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 225: | Line 225: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| thick | | thick | ||
| | | dik | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| heavy | | heavy | ||
| | | śwer | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 241: | Line 241: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| narrow | | narrow | ||
| | | śmal | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| man (human being) | | man (human being) | ||
| | | Menś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 285: | Line 285: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| fish | | fish | ||
| | | Fiś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bird | | bird | ||
| | | Fógel | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 297: | Line 297: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| louse | | louse | ||
| | | Lau | ||
| from [[ | | from [[Kembrek]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| snake | | snake | ||
| | | Ná | ||
| from | | from Kembrek | ||
|- | |- | ||
| worm | | worm | ||
| Line 317: | Line 317: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| stick | | stick | ||
| | | Śtok | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| fruit | | fruit | ||
| | | Fruśt | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 333: | Line 333: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| root | | root | ||
| | | Greid | ||
| from | | from Kembrek | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bark (of a tree) | | bark (of a tree) | ||
| | | Rine | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| flower | | flower | ||
| | | Blóme | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| grass | | grass | ||
| | | Kweld | ||
| from | | from Kembrek | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rope | | rope | ||
| Line 357: | Line 357: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| meat | | meat | ||
| | | Fleiś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 377: | Line 377: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| horn | | horn | ||
| | | Flötśe | ||
| from [[Nünsyi language|Nünsyi]] | | from [[Nünsyi language|Nünsyi]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tail | | tail | ||
| | | Śwanse | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| feather | | feather | ||
| Line 397: | Line 397: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ear | | ear | ||
| | | Óre | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 417: | Line 417: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tongue | | tongue | ||
| | | Zúne | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| fingernail | | fingernail | ||
| | | Fingernágel | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| foot | | foot | ||
| | | Fös | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 445: | Line 445: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| belly | | belly | ||
| | | Bauś | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| guts | | guts | ||
| | | Kolúde | ||
| from | | from Kembrek | ||
|- | |- | ||
| neck | | neck | ||
| Line 473: | Line 473: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to drink | | to drink | ||
| | | drenken | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to eat | | to eat | ||
| | | esen | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to bite | | to bite | ||
| | | beisen | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to suck | | to suck | ||
| | | lutśen | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 493: | Line 493: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to vomit | | to vomit | ||
| | | kelben | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 501: | Line 501: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to breathe | | to breathe | ||
| | | atmen | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 945: | Line 945: | ||
[[Category:HDL]] | [[Category:HDL]] | ||
[[Category:Hendalarsk]] | [[Category:Hendalarsk]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Levantia]] | [[Category:Levantia]] | ||
[[Category:IXWB]] | [[Category:IXWB]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:56, 25 March 2025
 | This article is a work-in-progress because it is incomplete and pending further input from an author. Note: The contents of this article are not considered canonical and may be inaccurate. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. |
| Hendalarskisch | |
|---|---|
| Henalaskisch Gotet nyelv (Khunyer), Kolel can'Ulstor (Nünsyi) | |
| Region | northwestern Levantia |
| Ethnicity | predominantly Hendalarskaren, Khunyer, Nunsyak |
Native speakers | c.80,000,000 (2021) |
Occidental
| |
Early form | Old Central Gothic
|
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Hendalarsk |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Hendalarskisch (Hendalarskisch: Henalaskisch, Khunyer: gotetnyelv, Nünsyi: Kolel can'Ulstor) is the primary official and most widely-spoken language in Hendalarsk, a country in northwestern Levantia. Hendalarskisch forms part of the Gothic subfamily and by extension the wider Occidental superfamily.[1] Hendalarskisch is either the second- or third-most widely-spoken Gothic language by number of native speakers, behind only Junglish and possibly Yonderian East Gothic, and enjoys widespread influence across the Vandarch littoral via its creole, the Pentapolitan Argot.
The political history of Hendalarsk means that there are many strikingly distinct dialects of Hendalarskisch across the country, most of which have survived 19th-century efforts at standardisation intact; some scholars[2] have even argued that these dialects are themselves all closely-related languages, with "Standard Hendalarskisch" simply the most prestigious language of a so-called "Central Gothic" cluster. Most Hendalarskara scholars nevertheless favour a "dialect continuum" interpretation of Hendalarskisch.
Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the Gothic branch of Occidental, although it has also seen substantial influence from non-Occidental languages such as Khunyer and Nünsyi - a number of proposals argue that Proto-Nünsyi forms a substrate within Hendalarskisch[3] - and latterly other non-Gothic Occidental languages, such as Burgoignesc and Fhasen.
Vocabulary
To give a flavour of Hendalarskisch vocabulary, in both its similarities and its differences from the other Gothic languages, the below table shows all Hendalarskisch words for the full 207-word Śabolt list (a list named after its founder, Hendalarskara linguist Anton Śabolt, which is employed primarily in lexicostatistics).
| Śabolt list word | Hendalarskisch form | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| I | iś | |
| you (sing.) | dy | |
| he | er | |
| we | wé | |
| you (pl.) | ír | (Sí, the formal form, is also used in some circumstances.) |
| they | sí | |
| this | dís | As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors |
| that | jén | As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors |
| here | hír | |
| there | dord | |
| who | wer | |
| what | was | |
| where | wó | |
| when | wan | |
| how | wí | |
| not | niśt | |
| all | al | As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors |
| many | fíl | As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors |
| some | manś | |
| few | wéniś | |
| other | aner | |
| one | ein | |
| two | zwei | |
| three | drei | |
| four | fír | |
| five | fönf | |
| big | grós | |
| long | lang | |
| thick | dik | |
| heavy | śwer | |
| small | klein | |
| short | körz | |
| narrow | śmal | |
| thin | dön | |
| woman | Frau | |
| man (adult male) | Man | |
| man (human being) | Menś | |
| child | Kind | |
| wife | Éfrau | |
| husband | Éman | |
| mother | Muter | |
| father | Fáter | |
| animal | Tír | |
| fish | Fiś | |
| bird | Fógel | |
| dog | Hund | |
| louse | Lau | from Kembrek |
| snake | Ná | from Kembrek |
| worm | Wurm | |
| tree | Baum | |
| forest | Wald | |
| stick | Śtok | |
| fruit | Fruśt | |
| seed | Sámen | |
| leaf | Blad | |
| root | Greid | from Kembrek |
| bark (of a tree) | Rine | |
| flower | Blóme | |
| grass | Kweld | from Kembrek |
| rope | Répe | |
| skin | Haude | |
| meat | Fleiś | |
| blood | Blöt | |
| bone | Bein | |
| fat (noun) | Fäd | |
| egg | Ei | |
| horn | Flötśe | from Nünsyi |
| tail | Śwanse | |
| feather | Féder | |
| hair | Há | |
| head | Kopf | |
| ear | Óre | |
| eye | Auge | |
| nose | Nás | |
| mouth | Mund | |
| tooth | Zán | |
| tongue | Zúne | |
| fingernail | Fingernágel | |
| foot | Fös | |
| leg | Käule | |
| knee | Kní | |
| hand | Hand | |
| wing | Flögel | |
| belly | Bauś | |
| guts | Kolúde | from Kembrek |
| neck | Hals | |
| back | Rögen | |
| breast | Brust | |
| heart | Herz | |
| liver | Léwer | |
| to drink | drenken | |
| to eat | esen | |
| to bite | beisen | |
| to suck | lutśen | |
| to spit | tschöcken | from Nünsyi |
| to vomit | kelben | |
| to blow | blásen | |
| to breathe | atmen | |
| to laugh | laschen | |
| to see | sëen | |
| to hear | hören | |
| to know | wissen | |
| to think | denken | |
| to smell | witern | |
| to fear | beföschten | |
| to sleep | schláfen | |
| to live | léwen | |
| to die | schterben | |
| to kill | döden | |
| to fight | kämfen | |
| to hunt | jägen | |
| to hit | schlágen | |
| to cut | schneiden | |
| to split | schbalten | |
| to stab | döfen | from Khunyer |
| to scratch | krazen | |
| to dig | kaltschen | from Nünsyi |
| to swim | schwimen | |
| to fly | flígen | |
| to walk | géen | |
| to come | komen | |
| to lie | lígen | |
| to sit | sezen | |
| to stand | stéen | |
| to turn | wenden | |
| to fall | falen | |
| to give | géwen | |
| to hold | halden | |
| to squeeze | dröcken | |
| to rub | reiben | |
| to wash | waschen | |
| to wipe | wischen | |
| to pull | zíen | |
| to push | schíwen | |
| to throw | wefen | |
| to tie | binden | |
| to sew | näen | |
| to count | zälen | |
| to say | ságen | |
| to sing | singen | |
| to play | schpílen | |
| to float | ulkéwen | from Nünsyi |
| to flow | flíssen | |
| to freeze | fríren | |
| to swell | schwelen | |
| sun | Sone | |
| moon | Mond | |
| star | Stern | |
| water | Waser | |
| rain | Régen | |
| river | Flös | |
| lake | Sé | |
| sea | Már | |
| salt | Salz | |
| stone | Stein | |
| sand | Malkafár | from Nünsyi |
| dust | Kafár | from Nünsyi |
| earth | Erde | |
| cloud | Wolke | |
| fog | Nébel | |
| sky | Himel | |
| wind | Wínd | |
| snow | Schné | |
| ice | Hul | from Nünsyi |
| smoke | Malnébel | "Mal-" is a Nünsyi-derived construction implying a common form in a state of greater density/concentration: see the sand/dust pairing above |
| fire | Feuer | |
| ash | Felmalnébel | "Felmal-" is the superlative form of the "mal-" construction mentioned above |
| to burn | brenen | |
| road | Bolwék | |
| mountain | Berg | |
| red | rod | |
| green | grön | |
| yellow | telan | from Nünsyi; other Gothic languages derive their word for "yellow" from an Occidental root meaning "to glisten" that also produces the word "gold"; Hendalarskisch does not |
| white | weiss | |
| black | schwáz | |
| night | Nagd | |
| day | Tag | |
| year | Íár | |
| warm | wám | |
| cold | kald | |
| full | föl | |
| new | neu | |
| old | ald | |
| good | gud | |
| bad | schlescht | |
| rotten | faulet | |
| dirty | schmuz | |
| straight | gerád | |
| round | rund | |
| sharp | scháf | |
| dull | schtumf | |
| smooth | glad | |
| wet | nas | |
| dry | drocken | |
| correct | rikd | |
| near | ná | |
| far | weid | |
| right | gemén | |
| left | rikd | in Hendalarskisch it's left that's cognate with correct/just, not right (that is instead cognate with common); historians have hypothesised that this may have been due to unusually high rates of left-handedness in key ruling elites early in the language's history |
| at | an | |
| in | in | |
| with | mid | |
| and | und | |
| if | wen | |
| because | weil | |
| name | Nám |
Notes
- ↑ A minority of Hendalarskara linguists insist that the Gothic family is its own language family, independent of all other branches of Occidental (e.g. Förstol, 2003), although as of the 2020s this proposal is widely discredited.
- ↑ Scholz, Ulla, 'Mundáten: Spragen óne Wafen?', Herne: eine henalaskische Spragzeitschrift 104:1 (1976), pp. 143-97.
- ↑ e.g. Gottorp, Ludwig-Adam, 'Urnünsyi: Dír henalaskische Unaschíd', Herne: eine henalaskische Spragzeitschrift 62:3 (1934), pp. 526-81.