Hendalarskisch

Hendalarskisch
Henalaskisch Gotet nyelv (Khunyer), Kolel can'Ulstor (Nünsyi)
Region	northwestern Levantia
Ethnicity	predominantly Hendalarskaren, Khunyer, Nunsyak
Native speakers	c.80,000,000 (2021)
Language family	Occidental Gothic Hendalarskisch
Early form	Old Central Gothic
Official status
Official language in	Hendalarsk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Hendalarskisch (Hendalarskisch: Henalaskisch, Khunyer: gotetnyelv, Nünsyi: Kolel can'Ulstor) is the primary official and most widely-spoken language in Hendalarsk, a country in northwestern Levantia. Hendalarskisch forms part of the Gothic subfamily and by extension the wider Occidental superfamily. Hendalarskisch is either the second- or third-most widely-spoken Gothic language by number of native speakers, behind only Junglish and possibly Yonderian East Gothic, and enjoys widespread influence across the Vandarch littoral via its creole, the Pentapolitan Argot.

The political history of Hendalarsk means that there are many strikingly distinct dialects of Hendalarskisch across the country, most of which have survived 19th-century efforts at standardisation intact; some scholars have even argued that these dialects are themselves all closely-related languages, with "Standard Hendalarskisch" simply the most prestigious language of a so-called "Central Gothic" cluster. Most Hendalarskara scholars nevertheless favour a "dialect continuum" interpretation of Hendalarskisch.

Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter); and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the Gothic branch of Occidental, although it has also seen substantial influence from non-Occidental languages such as Khunyer and Nünsyi - a number of proposals argue that Proto-Nünsyi forms a substrate within Hendalarskisch - and latterly other non-Gothic Occidental languages, such as Burgoignesc and Fhasen.

Vocabulary

To give a flavour of Hendalarskisch vocabulary, in both its similarities and its differences from the other Gothic languages, the below table shows all Hendalarskisch words for the full 207-word Szabolcs list (a list named after its founder, Khunyer linguist Szabolcs Anton, which is employed primarily in lexicostatistics).

Szabolcs list word	Hendalarskisch form	Notes
I	isch
you (sing.)	dy
he	er
we	wir
you (pl.)	ír	(Sí, the formal form, is also used in some circumstances.)
they	sí
this	dís	As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors
that	jén	As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors
here	hír
there	dord
who	wer
what	was
where	wo
when	wan
how	wí
not	nischt
all	al	As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors
many	fíl	As Hendalarskisch is an inflected language, this word changes substantially based on case and other factors
some	mansch
few	wénisch
other	anner
one	ein
two	zwei
three	drei
four	fír
five	fönf
big	groß
long	lang
thick	dick
heavy	schwer
small	klein
short	körz
narrow	schmal
thin	dön
woman	Frau
man (adult male)	Man
man (human being)	Mensch
child	Kind
wife	Éfrau
husband	Éman
mother	Muter
father	Fáter
animal	Tír
fish	Fisch
bird	Fogel
dog	Hund
louse	Déder	from Khunyer
snake	Kíger	from Khunyer
worm	Wurm
tree	Baum
forest	Wald
stick	Schtock
fruit	Fruscht
seed	Sámen
leaf	Blad
root	Íöger	from Khunyer
bark (of a tree)	Rinne
flower	Blome
grass	Pöme	from Khunyer
rope	Répe
skin	Haude
meat	Flísch
blood	Blöt
bone	Bein
fat (noun)	Fäd
egg	Ei
horn	Flötsche	from Nünsyi
tail	Fásche	from Khunyer
feather	Féder
hair	Há
head	Kopf
ear	Ore
eye	Auge
nose	Nás
mouth	Mund
tooth	Zán
tongue	Zune
fingernail	Fingernagel
foot	Föss
leg	Käule
knee	Kní
hand	Hand
wing	Flögel
belly	Bausch
guts	Béle	from Khunyer
neck	Hals
back	Rögen
breast	Brust
heart	Herz
liver	Léwer
to drink	drénken
to eat	essen
to bite	beissen
to suck	lutschen
to spit	tschöcken	from Nünsyi
to vomit	kélben
to blow	blásen
to breathe	átmen
to laugh	laschen
to see	sëen
to hear	hören
to know	wissen
to think	denken
to smell	witern
to fear	beföschten
to sleep	schláfen
to live	léwen
to die	schterben
to kill	döden
to fight	kämfen
to hunt	jägen
to hit	schlágen
to cut	schneiden
to split	schbalten
to stab	döfen	from Khunyer
to scratch	krazen
to dig	kaltschen	from Nünsyi
to swim	schwimen
to fly	flígen
to walk	géen
to come	komen
to lie	lígen
to sit	sezen
to stand	stéen
to turn	wenden
to fall	falen
to give	géwen
to hold	halden
to squeeze	dröcken
to rub	reiben
to wash	waschen
to wipe	wischen
to pull	zíen
to push	schíwen
to throw	wefen
to tie	binden
to sew	näen
to count	zälen
to say	ságen
to sing	singen
to play	schpílen
to float	ulkéwen	from Nünsyi
to flow	flíssen
to freeze	fríren
to swell	schwelen
sun	Sone
moon	Mond
star	Stern
water	Waser
rain	Régen
river	Flös
lake	Sé
sea	Már
salt	Salz
stone	Stein
sand	Malkafár	from Nünsyi
dust	Kafár	from Nünsyi
earth	Erde
cloud	Wolke
fog	Nébel
sky	Himel
wind	Wínd
snow	Schné
ice	Hul	from Nünsyi
smoke	Malnébel	"Mal-" is a Nünsyi-derived construction implying a common form in a state of greater density/concentration: see the sand/dust pairing above
fire	Feuer
ash	Felmalnébel	"Felmal-" is the superlative form of the "mal-" construction mentioned above
to burn	brenen
road	Bolwék
mountain	Berg
red	rod
green	grön
yellow	telan	from Nünsyi; other Gothic languages derive their word for "yellow" from an Occidental root meaning "to glisten" that also produces the word "gold"; Hendalarskisch does not
white	weiss
black	schwáz
night	Nagd
day	Tag
year	Íár
warm	wám
cold	kald
full	föl
new	neu
old	ald
good	gud
bad	schlescht
rotten	faulet
dirty	schmuz
straight	gerád
round	rund
sharp	scháf
dull	schtumf
smooth	glad
wet	nas
dry	drocken
correct	rikd
near	ná
far	weid
right	gemén
left	rikd	in Hendalarskisch it's left that's cognate with correct/just, not right (that is instead cognate with common); historians have hypothesised that this may have been due to unusually high rates of left-handedness in key ruling elites early in the language's history
at	an
in	in
with	mid
and	und
if	wen
because	weil
name	Nám